Ultratrace Nitroaromatic Vapor Detection via Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence on Carbazole-Terminated Black Silicon

Detection of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) is an important applied task for environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and forensic analysis. However, detection of NAC vapors is challenging owing to their low vapor pressure and relatively weak sensitivity of the existing detection techniques. Here, we propose a novel concept to design fluorescence (FL) detection platforms based on chemical functionalization of nanotextured dielectric surfaces exhibiting resonant light absorption, trapping, and localization effects. We demonstrate highly-efficient NAC vapor sensor with selective FL-quenching response from monolayers of carbazole moieties covalently bonded to a spiky silicon surface, "black" silicon, produced over the centimeter-scale area using simple reactive ion etching. The sensor is shown to provide unprecedented ppt (10-12) range limits of detection for several NAC vapors. Easy-to-implement scalable fabrication procedure combined with simple and versatile functionalization techniques applicable to all-dielectric surfaces make the suggested concept promising for realization of various gas sensing systems for social and environmental safety applications.