Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, volume 123, issue 13, pages 6864-6879

Gamma Ray Showers Observed at Ground Level in Coincidence With Downward Lightning Leaders

R. U. ABBASI ¹

T. Abu-Zayyad ¹

M. ALLEN ¹

E. BARCIKOWSKI ¹

J. W. Belz ¹

D. R. Bergman ¹

S. A. BLAKE ¹

M. Byrne ¹

R. CADY ¹

B. G. CHEON ²

J. CHIBA ³

M. CHIKAWA ⁴

T. Fujii ⁵

M. FUkUSHIMA ^{5, 6}

G. Furlich ¹

T. Goto ⁷

W. HANLON ¹

Y. Hayashi ⁷

N. HAYASHIDA ⁸

K. Hibino ⁸

K. HONDA ⁹

D. IKEDA ⁵

N. INOUE ¹⁰

T. Ishii ⁹

H. Ito ¹¹

D. Ivanov ¹

S. Jeong ¹²

C. C. H. Jui ¹

K. KADOTA ¹³

F. KAKIMOTO ¹⁴

O. Kalashev ¹⁵

K. KASAHARA ¹⁶

H. Kawai ¹⁷

S. KAWAKAMI ⁷

K. Kawata ⁵

E. Kido ⁵

H. B. Kim ²

J H Kim ¹⁸

S S Kishigami ⁷

Paul R. Krehbiel ¹⁹

V. KUZMIN ¹⁵

Y. J. Kwon ²⁰

J. Lan ¹

R Levon ¹

J. P. LUNDQUIST ¹

K Machida ⁹

K. MARTENS ⁶

T Matuyama ⁷

J. N. MATTHEWS ¹

M. MINAMINO ⁷

K. Mukai ⁹

I. MYERS ¹

S. Nagataki ¹¹

R. Nakamura ²¹

T. Nakamura ²²

T. NONAKA ⁵

S. Ogio ⁷

M. OHNISHI ⁵

H. OHOKA ⁵

K. Oki ⁵

T. Okuda ²³

Masaomi Ono ²⁴

M. Ono ²⁴

R. ONOGI ⁷

A. OSHIMA ²⁵

S. OZAWA ¹⁶

I. H. PARK ¹²

M. S. Pshirkov ^{13, 26}

J. Remington ¹

W Rison ¹⁹

D Rodeheffer ¹⁹

D. C. RODRIGUEZ ¹

G. Rubtsov ¹⁵

D. RYU ¹⁸

H. Sagawa ⁵

K. SAITO ⁵

N. SAKAKI ⁵

N. SAKURAI ⁷

T. Seki ²¹

K. SEKINO ⁵

P. D. SHAH ¹

F. SHIBATA ⁹

T Shibata ⁵

H. SHIMODAIRA ⁵

B. K. SHIN ⁷

H. S. Shin ⁵

J. D. Smith ¹

Pierre Sokolsky ¹

P. Sokolsky ¹

R. W. Springer ¹

B. T. Stokes ¹

T. A. STROMAN ¹

H. Takai ²⁷

M. Takeda ⁵

R. TAKEISHI ⁵

A. TAKETA ²⁸

M. TAKITA ⁵

Y. Tameda ²⁹

H Tanaka ⁷

H. Tanaka ⁷

K Tanaka ³⁰

Masayuki Tanaka ³¹

Ronald J Thomas ¹⁹

S. B. Thomas ¹

G. B. THOMSON ¹

P. TINYAKOV ^{15, 32}

I. Tkachev ¹⁵

H. Tokuno ¹⁴

T. TOMIDA ²¹

S. Troitsky ¹⁵

Y. TSUNESADA ⁷

Y. UCHIHORI ³³

S. UDO ⁸

F. URBAN ³²

G. Vasiloff ¹

T. Wong ¹

M. Yamamoto ²¹

R. Yamane ⁷

H. Yamaoka ³¹

K. Yamazaki ²⁸

J. Yang ³⁴

K. Yashiro ³

Y. Yoneda ⁷

S. YOSHIDA ¹⁷

H. YOSHII ³⁵

Z. ZUNDEL ¹

Show full list: 126 authors

Hide authors affiliations

High Energy Astrophysics Institute and Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA |

Department of Physics and The Research Institute of Natural ScienceHanyang University Seoul Korea |

Department of PhysicsTokyo University of Science Noda Japan |

⁴

Department of PhysicsKinki University Higashi‐osaka Japan |

⁵

Institute for Cosmic Ray ResearchUniversity of Tokyo Kashiwa Japan |

⁶

Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), Todai Institutes for Advanced StudyThe University of Tokyo Kashiwa Japan |

⁷

Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Osaka Japan |

⁸

Faculty of EngineeringKanagawa University Yokohama Japan |

⁹

Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and EngineeringUniversity of Yamanashi Kofu Japan |

¹⁰

The Graduate School of Science and EngineeringSaitama University Saitama Japan |

¹¹

Astrophysical Big Bang LaboratoryRIKEN Wako Japan |

¹²

Department of PhysicsSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea |

¹³

Department of PhysicsTokyo City University Tokyo Japan |

¹⁴

Graduate School of Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan |

¹⁵

National Nuclear Research University, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute Moscow Russia |

¹⁶

Advanced Research Institute for Science and EngineeringWaseda University Tokyo Japan |

¹⁷

Department of PhysicsChiba University Chiba Japan |

¹⁸

Department of Physics, School of Natural SciencesUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan Korea |

¹⁹

Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric ResearchNew Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro NM USA |

²⁰

Department of PhysicsYonsei University Seoul Korea |

²¹

Department of Computer Science and EngineeringShinshu University Nagano Japan |

²²

Faculty of ScienceKochi University Kochi Japan |

²³

Department of Physical SciencesRitsumeikan University Kusatsu Japan |

²⁴

Department of PhysicsKyushu University Fukuoka Japan |

²⁵

Engineering Science LaboratoryChubu University Kasugai Japan |

²⁶

Sternberg Astronomical Institute Moscow M.V.Lomonosov State University Moscow Russia |

²⁷

Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY USA |

²⁸

Earthquake Research InstituteUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan |

²⁹

Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of EngineeringOsaka Electro‐Communication University Neyagawa Japan |

³⁰

Graduate School of Information SciencesHiroshima City University Hiroshima Japan |

³¹

Institute of Particle and Nuclear StudiesKEK Tsukuba Japan |

³²

Université libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium |

³³

National Institute of Radiological Science Chiba Japan |

³⁴

Department of Physics and Institute for the Early UniverseEwha Womans University Seoul Korea |

³⁵

Department of PhysicsEhime University Matsuyama Japan |

Publication type: Journal Article

Publication date: 2018-05-17

American Geophysical Union

Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

scimago Q1

SJR: 1.710

CiteScore: 7.3

Impact factor: 3.8

ISSN: 2169897X, 21698996

DOI: 10.1029/2017jd027931

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Space and Planetary Science

Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)

Atmospheric Science

Geophysics

Abstract

Bursts of gamma ray showers have been observed in coincidence with downward propagating negative leaders in lightning flashes by the Telescope Array Surface Detector (TASD). The TASD is a 700~square kilometer cosmic ray observatory located in southwestern Utah, U.S.A. In data collected between 2014 and 2016, correlated observations showing the structure and temporal development of three shower-producing flashes were obtained with a 3D lightning mapping array, and electric field change measurements were obtained for an additional seven flashes, in both cases co-located with the TASD. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) information was also used throughout. The showers arrived in a sequence of 2--5 short-duration ($\le$10~$\mu$s) bursts over time intervals of several hundred microseconds, and originated at an altitude of $\simeq$3--5 kilometers above ground level during the first 1--2 ms of downward negative leader breakdown at the beginning of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. The shower footprints, associated waveforms and the effect of atmospheric propagation indicate that the showers consist primarily of downward-beamed gamma radiation. This has been supported by GEANT simulation studies, which indicate primary source fluxes of $\simeq$$10^{12}$--$10^{14}$ photons for $16^{\circ}$ half-angle beams. We conclude that the showers are terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs), similar to those observed by satellites, but that the ground-based observations are more representative of the temporal source activity and are also more sensitive than satellite observations, which detect only the most powerful TGFs.

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Publisher

American Geophysical Union

Journal

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

scimago Q1

SJR

1.710

CiteScore

7.3

Impact factor

3.8

ISSN

2169897X

21698996 (Electronic)

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Gamma Ray Showers Observed at Ground Level in Coincidence With Downward Lightning Leaders

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