India‐Tarim Lithospheric Mantle Collision Beneath Western Tibet Controls the Cenozoic Building of Tian Shan

The ongoing India-Asia collision principally regulates the Cenozoic tectonic deformation of the Asian interior, and builds a far-away but active spectacular intraplate orogen—Tian Shan. However, the deep processes and dynamics of far-field deformation propagation and the resultant Tian Shan building remain ambiguous. Here, we construct systematic numerical models with variable thermo-rheological properties of the orogen-featured blocks and convergence rates, which reveal that the far-field effect of India-Asia collision on the Tian Shan building is strongly controlled by the direct collision of Indian lithospheric mantle with the rigid Tarim block beneath western Tibet. The model results, together with the well-established geological and geophysical constraints, not only reconcile the first-order crustal and lithospheric structures of the western Tibetan plateau and Tian Shan, but also confirm a >30 Myr time lag between the initial India-Asia collision and the far-field Tian Shan building.