Nature

, volume 594 , issue 7861 , pages 33-36

Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources

Zhen Cao ^{1, 2, 3}

F. A. Aharonian ^{4, 5}

Q. An ^{6, 7}

Axikegu ⁸

L. X. Bai ⁹

Y. X. Bai ^{1, 2}

Yiwei Bao ¹⁰

D. Bastieri ¹¹

X. J. Bi ^{1, 2, 3}

Y. J. Bi ^{1, 2}

H. Cai ¹²

J. T. Cai ¹¹

Zhe Cao ^{6, 7}

J. Chang ¹³

J. F. Chang ^{1, 2, 6}

X. C. Chang ^{1, 2}

B. M. Chen ¹⁴

J Chen ⁹

L. Chen ^{1, 2, 3}

Liang Chen ¹⁵

Long Chen ⁸

M. J. Chen ^{1, 2}

M L Chen ^{1, 2, 6}

Q. H. Chen ⁸

S. H. Chen ^{1, 2, 3}

S. Z. Chen ^{1, 2}

T. L. Chen ¹⁶

X. L. Chen ^{1, 2, 3}

Yang Chen ¹⁰

N. Cheng ^{1, 2}

Y D Cheng ^{1, 2}

S. W. Cui ¹⁴

X. H. Cui ¹⁷

Y. D. Cui ¹⁸

B. Z. Dai ¹⁹

H. L. Dai ^{1, 2, 13}

Z. G. Dai ¹⁰

Danzengluobu ¹⁶

D. della Volpe ²⁰

B D′ettorre Piazzoli ²¹

X. J. Dong ^{1, 2}

J. H. Fan ¹¹

Y. Fan ¹³

Z. X. Fan ^{1, 2}

J. Fang ¹⁹

K. Fang ^{1, 2}

C. F. Feng ²²

L. Feng ¹³

S. H. Feng ^{1, 2}

Y. L. Feng ¹³

B. Gao ^{1, 2}

C. D. Gao ²²

Q. Gao ¹⁶

W. Gao ²²

Maomao Ge ¹⁹

L. S. Geng ^{1, 2}

G. H. Gong ²³

Q. B. Gou ^{1, 2}

M. H. Gu ^{1, 2, 6}

J G Guo ^{1, 2, 3}

X. L. Guo ⁸

Y. Q. Guo ^{1, 2}

Y Y Guo ^{1, 2, 3, 13}

Y. A. Han ²⁴

N. Zhang ^{1, 2, 3}

H. N. He ¹³

J. C. He ^{1, 2, 3}

S. L. He ¹¹

X. B. He ¹⁸

Y. He ⁸

M. Heller ²⁰

Y. K. Hor ¹⁸

C Hou ^{1, 2}

X. Hou ²⁵

H. B. Hu ^{1, 2, 3}

S. Hu ⁹

S. C. Hu ^{1, 2, 3}

X J Hu ²³

D. H. Huang ⁸

Q. L. Huang ^{1, 2}

W. H. Huang ²²

X.-T. Huang ²²

Z. C. Huang ⁸

F. Ji ^{1, 2}

X. L. Ji ^{1, 2, 6}

H. Y. Jia ⁸

K. Jiang ^{6, 7}

Z. J. Jiang ¹⁹

C. Jin ^{1, 2, 3}

D. Kuleshov ²⁶

K. Levochkin ²⁶

B. B. Li ¹⁴

Cong Li ^{1, 2}

Cheng Li ^{6, 7}

F Li ^{1, 2, 6}

H. B. Li ^{1, 2}

H. C. Li ^{1, 2}

H. Y. Li ^{7, 13}

J. Li ^{1, 2, 6}

K Li ^{1, 2}

W. L. Li ²²

X. Li ^{6, 7}

Xin Li ⁸

X. R. Li ^{1, 2}

Y Li ⁹

Y. Z. Li ^{1, 2, 3}

Zhe Li ^{1, 2}

Zhuo Li ²⁷

E. W. Liang ²⁸

Y. F. Liang ²⁸

S. J. Lin ¹⁸

Bing Liu ⁷

C. Liu ^{1, 2}

D. Liu ²²

H Liu ⁸

H. D. Liu ²⁴

J Liu ^{1, 2}

J. L. Liu ^{29, 30}

J. S. Liu ¹⁸

J. Y. Liu ^{1, 2}

M. Y. Liu ¹⁶

R. Y. Liu ¹⁰

Siming Liu ¹³

W. Liu ^{1, 2}

Y. N. Liu ²³

Z. X. Liu ⁹

W. J. Long ⁸

R. Lu ¹⁹

H. K. Lv ^{1, 2}

Bo-Qiang Ma ²⁷

L L Ma ^{1, 2}

X. H. Ma ^{1, 2}

J. R. Mao ²⁵

A. Masood ⁸

W. Mitthumsiri ³¹

T. Montaruli ²⁰

Y. C. Nan ²²

B. Y. Pang ⁸

P. Pattarakijwanich ³¹

Z. Y. Pei ¹¹

M. Y. Qi ^{1, 2}

David Ruffolo ³¹

V. Rulev ²⁶

A. Saiz ³¹

Lang Shao ¹⁴

O. Shchegolev ^{26, 32}

X. D. Sheng ^{1, 2}

J. R. Shi ^{1, 2}

H. C. Song ²⁷

Yu. V. Stenkin ^{26, 32}

V. Stepanov ²⁶

Q. N. Sun ⁸

X. N. Sun ²⁸

Z. B. Sun ³³

P. H. Thomas Tam ¹⁸

Z. Z. Tang ^{6, 7}

W. W. Tian ^{3, 17}

B. D. Wang ^{1, 2}

C. Wang ³³

H. Wang ⁸

H. G. Wang ¹¹

J. C. Wang ²⁵

Jieshuang Wang ^{29, 30}

L. P. Wang ²²

L. Y. Wang ^{1, 2}

R. N. Wang ⁸

W. Wang ¹⁸

W. Wang ¹²

X. G. Wang ²⁸

X. J. Wang ^{1, 2}

X. Y. Wang ¹⁰

Y. D. Wang ^{1, 2}

Y. J. Wang ^{1, 2}

Y. P. Wang ^{1, 2, 3}

Zheng Wang ^{1, 2, 6}

Zhen Wang ^{29, 30}

Z.-H. Wang ⁹

Z. X. Wang ¹⁹

Daming Wei ¹³

J. J. Wei ¹³

Y. J. Wei ^{1, 2, 3}

T. Wen ¹⁹

C. Y. Wu ^{1, 2}

H. R. Wu ^{1, 2}

S Wu ^{1, 2}

W. X. Wu ⁸

X. F. Wu ¹³

S. Q. Xi ⁸

J. Xia ^{7, 13}

J. J. Xia ⁸

G. M. Xiang ^{3, 15}

G. Xiao ^{1, 2}

Hubing Xiao ¹¹

G. G. Xin ¹²

Y. L. Xin ⁸

Y Xing ¹⁵

D. L. Xu ^{29, 30}

R. X. Xu ²⁷

L. Xue ²²

D. H. Yan ²⁵

C. W. Yang ⁹

F. F. Yang ^{1, 2, 6}

J. Y. Yang ¹⁸

L. L. Yang ¹⁸

M.-J. Yang ^{1, 2}

R. Z. Yang ⁷

S. B. Yang ¹⁹

Y. H. Yao ⁹

Z. G. Yao ^{1, 2}

Y. M. Ye ²³

L. Q. Yin ^{1, 2}

N. Yin ²²

X. H. You ^{1, 2}

Z. Y. You ^{1, 2, 3}

Y. H. Yu ²²

Q. Yuan ¹³

H. D. Zeng ¹³

T. X. Zeng ^{1, 2, 6}

W. Zeng ¹⁹

Z. K. Zeng ^{1, 2, 3}

M. Zha ^{1, 2}

X. X. Zhai ^{1, 2}

B. B. Zhang ¹⁰

Hongyu Zhang ¹⁰

H Y Zhang ²²

J. L. Zhang ¹⁷

J. W. Zhang ⁹

L. Zhang ¹⁴

Li Zhang ¹⁹

L. X. Zhang ¹¹

P. F. Zhang ¹⁹

P. P. Zhang ¹⁴

R Zhang ^{7, 13}

S. R. Zhang ¹⁴

S. S. Zhang ^{1, 2}

X. Zhang ¹⁰

X. P. Zhang ^{1, 2}

Y. Zhang ^{1, 2}

Yi Zhang ^{1, 13}

Y. F. Zhang ⁸

Y. L. Zhang ^{1, 2}

B Zhao ⁸

J. Zhao ^{1, 2}

L Zhao ^{6, 7}

L. Z. Zhao ¹⁴

S. P. Zhao ^{13, 22}

F. Zheng ³³

Y. Zheng ⁸

B. Zhou ^{1, 2}

H. Zhou ^{29, 30}

J. N. Zhou ¹⁵

P. Zhou ¹⁰

R. Zhou ⁹

X. X. Zhou ⁸

C. G. Zhu ²²

F. R. Zhu ⁸

H. Zhu ¹⁷

Ke-Jun Zhu ^{1, 2, 3, 6}

X. Zuo ^{1, 2}

Hide authors affiliations Show authors affiliations: 33 affiliations

Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China |

Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center, Chengdu, China |

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, BeiJing, China |

⁴

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, Ireland |

⁵

Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany |

⁶

State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Beijing, China |

⁷

University of Science and Technology of China, HeFei, China |

⁸

School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China |

⁹

College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China |

¹⁰

School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China |

¹¹

Center For Astrophysics, GuangZhou University, GuangZhou, China |

¹²

School of physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China |

¹³

Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China |

¹⁴

HeBei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China |

¹⁵

Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China |

¹⁶

Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University), Ministry of Education, Lhasa, China |

¹⁷

National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China |

¹⁸

School of Physics and Astronomy & School of Physics (Guangzhou), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China |

¹⁹

School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China |

²⁰

Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Faculté de Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland |

²¹

Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Naples, Italy |

²²

Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China |

²³

Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China |

²⁴

School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China |

²⁵

Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China |

²⁶

Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia |

²⁷

School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China |

²⁸

School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China |

²⁹

Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China |

³⁰

School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China |

³¹

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand |

³²

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, russia |

³³

National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China |

Publication type: Journal Article

Publication date: 2021-05-17

Springer Nature

Nature

scimago Q1

wos Q1

SJR: 18.288

CiteScore: 78.1

Impact factor: 48.5

ISSN: 00280836, 14764687

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03498-z

Copy DOI

PubMed ID: 34002091

Multidisciplinary

Abstract

The extension of the cosmic-ray spectrum beyond 1 petaelectronvolt (PeV; 1015 electronvolts) indicates the existence of the so-called PeVatrons—cosmic-ray factories that accelerate particles to PeV energies. We need to locate and identify such objects to find the origin of Galactic cosmic rays1. The principal signature of both electron and proton PeVatrons is ultrahigh-energy (exceeding 100 TeV) γ radiation. Evidence of the presence of a proton PeVatron has been found in the Galactic Centre, according to the detection of a hard-spectrum radiation extending to 0.04 PeV (ref. 2). Although γ-rays with energies slightly higher than 0.1 PeV have been reported from a few objects in the Galactic plane3–6, unbiased identification and in-depth exploration of PeVatrons requires detection of γ-rays with energies well above 0.1 PeV. Here we report the detection of more than 530 photons at energies above 100 teraelectronvolts and up to 1.4 PeV from 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources with a statistical significance greater than seven standard deviations. Despite having several potential counterparts in their proximity, including pulsar wind nebulae, supernova remnants and star-forming regions, the PeVatrons responsible for the ultrahigh-energy γ-rays have not yet been firmly localized and identified (except for the Crab Nebula), leaving open the origin of these extreme accelerators. Observations of γ-rays with energies up to 1.4 PeV find that 12 sources in the Galaxy are PeVatrons, one of which is the Crab Nebula.

Found

2 citations

Khadzhiev Musabi

17 publications, 79 citations

h-index: 5

Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences

1 citation

Bykov Alexey

🥼 🤝

PhD in Physics and Mathematics

83 publications, 1 546 citations

h-index: 19

Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute of NRC «Kurchatov Institute»

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Cao Z. et al. Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources // Nature. 2021. Vol. 594. No. 7861. pp. 33-36.

GOST all authors (up to 50) Copy

Cao Z. et al. Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources // Nature. 2021. Vol. 594. No. 7861. pp. 33-36.

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BibTex (up to 50 authors) Copy

@article{2021_Cao,

author = {Zhen Cao and F. A. Aharonian and Q. An and Axikegu and L. X. Bai and Y. X. Bai and Yiwei Bao and D. Bastieri and X. J. Bi and Y. J. Bi and H. Cai and J. T. Cai and Zhe Cao and J. Chang and J. F. Chang and X. C. Chang and B. M. Chen and J Chen and L. Chen and Liang Chen and Long Chen and M. J. Chen and M L Chen and Q. H. Chen and S. H. Chen and S. Z. Chen and T. L. Chen and X. L. Chen and Yang Chen and N. Cheng and Y D Cheng and S. W. Cui and X. H. Cui and Y. D. Cui and B. Z. Dai and H. L. Dai and Z. G. Dai and Danzengluobu and D. della Volpe and B D′ettorre Piazzoli and X. J. Dong and J. H. Fan and Y. Fan and Z. X. Fan and J. Fang and K. Fang and C. F. Feng and L. Feng and S. H. Feng and Y. L. Feng and others},

title = {Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources},

journal = {Nature},

year = {2021},

volume = {594},

publisher = {Springer Nature},

month = {may},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03498-z},

number = {7861},

pages = {33--36},

doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03498-z}

}

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MLA Copy

Cao, Zhen, et al. “Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources.” Nature, vol. 594, no. 7861, May. 2021, pp. 33-36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03498-z.

Publisher

Springer Nature

Journal

Nature

scimago Q1

wos Q1

SJR

18.288

CiteScore

78.1

Impact factor

48.5

ISSN

00280836 (Print)

14764687 (Electronic)