Nature Genetics

, volume 54 , issue 5 , pages 560-572

Multi-ancestry genetic study of type 2 diabetes highlights the power of diverse populations for discovery and translation

Anubha Mahajan ^{1, 2, 3}

Cassandra N Spracklen ^{4, 5}

Weihua Zhang ^{6, 7}

Maggie C.Y. Ng ^{8, 9, 10}

Lauren E. Petty ⁸

Hidetoshi Kitajima ^{2, 11, 12, 13}

Grace Z. Yu ^{1, 2}

Leo Speidel ^{14, 15}

Young Jin Kim ¹⁶

Momoko Horikoshi ¹⁷

Josep Mercader ^{18, 19, 20}

Daniel Taliun ²¹

Sanghoon Moon ^{2, 16}

Soo Heon Kwak ^{2, 22}

Neil R. Robertson ^{1, 2}

Nigel W Rayner ^{1, 2, 23, 24}

Marie Loh ^{6, 25, 26}

Bong-Jo Kim ¹⁶

Joshua Chiou ^{27, 28}

Irene Miguel-Escalada ^{29, 30}

Kuang Lin ³¹

Fiona Bragg ^{31, 32}

Michael H Preuss ³³

Fumihiko Takeuchi ³⁴

Jana Nano ³⁵

Xiuqing Guo ³⁶

Amel Lamri ^{37, 38}

Masahiro Nakatochi ³⁹

Robert A Scott ⁴⁰

Jung-Jin Lee ⁴¹

Alicia Huerta Chagoya ^{42, 43}

Mariaelisa Graff ⁴⁴

Jin Fang Chai ⁴⁵

Esteban J. Parra ⁴⁶

JIE YAO ³⁶

Lawrence F. Bielak ⁴⁷

Yasuharu Tabara ⁴⁸

Yang Hai ³⁶

Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir ⁴⁹

James P. Cook ⁵⁰

Mart Kals ⁵¹

Niels Grarup ⁵²

Ellen M. Schmidt ²¹

Ian Pan ⁵³

Tamar Sofer ^{54, 55, 56}

Matthias Wuttke ⁵⁷

Chloé Sarnowski ^{58, 59}

Christian Gieger ^{60, 61, 62}

Darryl Nousome ⁶³

Stella Trompet ^{64, 65}

Jirong Long ⁶⁶

Meng Sun ²

Tong Lin ⁶⁷

Wei-Min Chen ⁶⁸

Meraj Ahmad ⁶⁹

Raymond Noordam ⁶⁵

Victor J Y Lim ⁴⁵

Claudia H.T. Tam ^{70, 71}

Chien-Hsiun Chen ⁷²

Laura M Raffield ⁴

Cécile Lecoeur ^{73, 74}

Bram Peter Prins ²³

Aude Nicolas ⁷⁵

Lisa R Yanek ⁷⁶

GUANJIE CHEN ⁷⁷

RICHARD A. JENSEN ⁷⁸

Salman Tajuddin ⁷⁹

Edmond K Kabagambe ^{66, 80}

Ping An ⁸¹

Anny H. Xiang ⁸²

Hyeok Sun Choi ⁸³

Brian E. Cade ^{20, 55}

Jingyi Tan ³⁶

Jack Flanagan ^{17, 50}

Fernando Abaitua ^{2, 84}

Linda S Adair ⁸⁵

Adebowale Adeyemo ^{2, 77}

Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas ⁸⁶

Masato Akiyama ^{87, 88}

Sonia S. Anand ^{37, 38, 89}

Alain Bertoni ⁹⁰

Zheng Bian ⁹¹

Jette Bork-Jensen ⁵²

Ivan Brandslund ^{92, 93}

Jennifer A. Brody ⁷⁸

Chad M. Brummett ⁹⁴

Thomas A. Buchanan ⁹⁵

Mickaël Canouil ^{73, 74}

Juliana C.N. Chan ^{70, 71, 96, 97}

Li-Ching Chang ⁷²

Miao Li Chee ⁹⁸

Ji Chen ^{99, 100}

Shyh-Huei Chen ¹⁰¹

Yuan-Tsong Chen ⁷²

Zhengming Chen ^{31, 32}

LEE-MING CHUANG ^{102, 103}

Mary Cushman ¹⁰⁴

Swapan K. Das ¹⁰⁵

H Janaka De Silva ¹⁰⁶

George Dedoussis ¹⁰⁷

Latchezar Dimitrov ⁹

Ayo P. Doumatey ⁷⁷

Shufa Du ^{85, 108}

Qing Duan ⁴

Kai-Uwe Eckardt ^{109, 110}

Leslie S Emery ¹¹¹

Daniel S Evans ¹¹²

Michele K. Evans ⁷⁹

Krista Fischer ⁵¹

James S Floyd ⁷⁸

Ian Ford ¹¹³

Myriam Fornage ¹¹⁴

Oscar H. Franco ³⁵

Timothy M. Frayling ¹¹⁵

Barry I Freedman ¹¹⁶

Christian Fuchsberger ^{21, 117}

Pauline Genter ¹¹⁸

Hertzel C. Gerstein ^{37, 38, 89}

Vilmantas Giedraitis ¹¹⁹

Clicerio Gonzalez-Villalpando ¹²⁰

María Elena González Villalpando ¹²⁰

Mark O. Goodarzi ¹²¹

Penny Gordon-Larsen ^{85, 108}

David Gorkin ¹²²

Myron Gross ¹²³

Yu Guo ⁹¹

Sophie Hackinger ²³

Sohee Han ¹⁶

Andrew T. Hattersley ¹²⁴

Christian Herder ^{60, 125, 126}

Annie Green Howard ^{108, 127}

Willa Hsueh ¹²⁸

Mengna Huang ^{53, 129}

Wei Huang ¹³⁰

Yi-Jen Hung ^{131, 132}

MI YEONG HWANG ¹⁶

Chii-Min Hwu ^{133, 134}

Sahoko Ichihara ¹³⁵

Mohammad Arfan Ikram ³⁵

Martin Ingelsson ¹¹⁹

Md. Tariqul Islam ¹³⁶

Masato Isono ³⁴

Hye Mi Jang ¹⁶

Farzana Jasmine ⁶⁷

Guozhi Jiang ^{70, 71}

Jost B. Jonas ¹³⁷

Marit E. Jørgensen ^{138, 139}

Torben Jørgensen ^{140, 141, 142}

Yoichiro Kamatani ^{87, 143}

Fouad R Kandeel ¹⁴⁴

Anuradhani Kasturiratne ¹⁴⁵

Tomohiro Katsuya ^{146, 147}

Varinderpal Kaur ¹⁹

Takahisa Kawaguchi ⁴⁸

Jacob M. Keaton ^{9, 66, 148}

Abel N Kho ^{149, 150}

Chiea Chuen Khor ¹⁵¹

Muhammad G. Kibriya ⁶⁷

Duk-Hwan Kim ¹⁵²

Katsuhiko KOHARA ^{153, 154}

Jennifer Kriebel ^{60, 61, 62}

Florian Kronenberg ¹⁵⁵

Johanna Kuusisto ¹⁵⁶

Kristi Läll ^{51, 157}

Leslie A Lange ¹⁵⁸

Myung-Shik Lee ^{159, 160}

Nanette R. Lee ¹⁶¹

Aaron Leong ^{19, 162, 163}

Liming Li ¹⁶⁴

Yun Li ⁴

Ruifang Li-Gao ¹⁶⁵

Symen Ligthart ³⁵

Cecilia M Lindgren ^{2, 166, 167}

Allan Linneberg ^{140, 168}

Ching-Ti Liu ⁵⁸

Jianjun Liu ^{151, 169}

Adam E Locke ^{170, 171, 172}

Tin Louie ¹¹¹

Jian'an Luan ⁴⁰

Andrea O Luk ^{70, 71}

Xi Luo ¹⁷³

Jun Lv ¹⁶⁴

Valeriya Lyssenko ^{174, 175}

Vasiliki Mamakou ¹⁷⁶

K. Radha Mani ⁶⁹

Thomas Meitinger ^{177, 178, 179}

Andres Metspalu ⁵¹

Andrew D. Morris ¹⁸⁰

Girish N Nadkarni ^{33, 181, 182}

Jerry L. Nadler ¹⁸³

Michael A Nalls ^{75, 184, 185}

Uma Nayak ⁶⁸

Suraj S Nongmaithem ⁶⁹

Ioanna Ntalla ¹⁸⁶

Yukinori Okada ^{187, 188, 189}

Lorena Orozco ¹⁹⁰

Sanjay R. Patel ¹⁹¹

Mark A Pereira ¹⁹²

Annette Peters ^{60, 61, 179}

Fraser J Pirie ¹⁹³

Bianca Porneala ¹⁶³

Gauri Prasad ^{194, 195}

Sebastian Preissl ¹²²

Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik ¹⁹⁶

Alexander P Reiner ¹⁹⁷

Michael Roden ^{60, 125, 126}

Rebecca Rohde ⁴⁴

Kathryn Roll ³⁶

Charumathi Sabanayagam ^{98, 198, 199}

Maike Sander ^{200, 201, 202}

Kevin Sandow ³⁶

Naveed Sattar ²⁰³

Sebastian Schönherr ¹⁵⁵

Claudia Schurmann ^{33, 181, 204}

Mohammad Shahriar ^{67, 205}

Jinxiu Shi ¹³⁰

Dong Mun Shin ¹⁶

Daniel Shriner ⁷⁷

Jennifer A Smith ^{47, 206}

Wing-Yee SO ^{2, 70, 96}

Alena Stančáková ¹⁵⁶

Adrienne M. Stilp ¹¹¹

Konstantin Strauch ^{2, 207, 208, 209}

Ken Suzuki ^{17, 87, 187, 210}

Atsushi Takahashi ^{87, 211}

Kent D. Taylor ³⁶

Barbara Thorand ^{60, 61}

Gudmar Thorleifsson ⁴⁹

Unnur Thorsteinsdottir ^{49, 212}

Brian Tomlinson ^{70, 213}

Jason M Torres ^{2, 214}

Fuu-Jen Tsai ²¹⁵

Jaakko Tuomilehto ^{216, 217, 218, 219}

Teresa Tusié Luna ^{220, 221}

Miriam S. Udler ^{18, 19, 162}

Adán Valladares Salgado ²²²

Rob M. van Dam ^{45, 169}

Jan B. van Klinken ^{223, 224, 225}

Rohit Varma ²²⁶

Marijana Vujkovic ²²⁷

Niels Wacher-Rodarte ²²⁸

Eleanor Wheeler ⁴⁰

Eric A. Whitsel ^{44, 229}

Ananda R Wickremasinghe ¹⁴⁵

Ko Willems van Dijk ^{223, 224, 230}

Daniel R. Witte ^{231, 232}

Chittaranjan S. Yajnik ²³³

Ken Yamamoto ²³⁴

Toshimasa Yamauchi ²¹⁰

Loïc Yengo ²³⁵

Kyungheon Yoon ¹⁶

Canqing Yu ¹⁶⁴

JIAN-MIN YUAN ^{236, 237}

Salim Yusuf ^{37, 38, 89}

Liang Zhang ⁹⁸

Wei Zheng ⁶⁶

Sina Rüeger ²³⁸

Pietro Della Briotta Parolo ²³⁹

Yoonjung Yoonie Joo ¹¹⁸

M. Geoffrey Hayes ^{20, 55, 240}

LESLIE J. RAFFEL ⁸³

Michiya Igase ²⁴¹

Eli Ipp ⁸¹

Susan Redline ²⁴²

Yoon Shin Cho ⁴⁷

Lars Lind ^{243, 244}

M A Province ⁷⁹

Craig L. Hanis ^{78, 245, 246}

Patricia A. Peyser ²⁴⁷

Erik Ingelsson ⁷⁷

A B Zonderman ⁷⁶

Bruce M. Psaty ⁴⁸

Ya-Xing Wang ^{90, 248}

C Rotimi ^{23, 24, 249}

Diane M Becker ²⁵⁰

Fumihiko Matsuda ²⁵¹

Yongmei Liu ¹⁹⁷

Eleftheria Zeggini ¹⁹²

Mitsuhiro YOKOTA ^{252, 253}

Stephen S. Rich ³⁶

Charles Kooperberg ^{73, 74, 254}

James S. Pankow ²⁵⁵

James C Engert ^{132, 134, 256}

Yii-Der Ida Chen ⁴⁷

P. Froguel ⁷²

James G Wilson ^{257, 258, 259}

Wayne H.-H. Sheu ^{70, 71, 96, 97}

Sharon L. R. Kardia ^{98, 198, 199}

Jer-Yuarn Wu ^{174, 260}

M Hayes ¹⁶⁵

R. C.W. Ma ⁶⁹

Tien Yin Wong ¹⁴⁸

LEIF C. GROOP ^{194, 261}

Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori ^{38, 262}

Giriraj R. Chandak ⁶⁸

Francis S. Collins ⁶⁷

Dwaipayan Bharadwaj ¹⁹³

Guillaume Paré ⁶⁶

Michèle M. Sale ^{22, 263, 264}

Habibul Ahsan ^{64, 265}

Ayesha A. Motala ²²²

Xiao-Ou Shu ⁶³

Kyong Soo Park ^{60, 61, 62}

J. Wouter Jukema ^{98, 198, 199}

Miguel Cruz ^{33, 181, 204}

Roberta McKean-Cowdin ^{6, 35, 266}

Harald Grallert ^{45, 169, 267}

Ching-Yu Cheng ⁵⁸

Erwin P. Bottinger ³⁴

Abbas Dehghan ¹⁵⁶

E Shyong Tai ⁵⁷

Josée Dupuis ^{268, 269}

Norihiro Kato ²⁷⁰

Markku Laakso ^{53, 129, 271}

Anna Köttgen ²¹

WOON-PUAY KOH ^{7, 266, 272, 273}

Colin N.A. Palmer ^{33, 52, 274}

Simin Liu ⁴⁴

Goncalo Abecasis ⁶³

Jaspal S. Kooner ^{18, 19, 162}

Ruth J.F. Loos ^{41, 275, 276}

Kari E. North ⁵²

Christopher A. Haiman ⁵²

Jose C Florez ⁵¹

Danish Saleheen ^{40, 277}

Torben Hansen ⁴⁰

Oluf Pedersen ^{17, 278, 279}

Reedik Mägi ^{210, 280}

Claudia Langenberg ¹⁶

Nicholas J Wareham ^{31, 32}

SHIRO MAEDA ^{31, 32}

Takashi Kadowaki ^{49, 212}

Juyoung Lee ^{2, 281}

Iona Y. Millwood ^{29, 30, 282}

Robin G. Walters ^{200, 201}

Kari Stefansson ^{18, 162, 163}

Simon R Myers ⁴

Jorge Ferrer ^{1, 2, 283, 284}

Kyle J Gaulton ^{9, 10, 285}

James B. Meigs ⁸

Karen L Mohlke ^{6, 7, 25, 266, 272}

Anna L. Gloyn ⁴⁵

Donald W Bowden ²¹

Jennifer E. Below ³⁶

John C Chambers ^{1, 2, 3, 283}

Xueling Sim ^{2, 50, 51, 286, 287}

Hide authors affiliations Show authors affiliations: 287 affiliations

Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK |

Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK |

Genentech, South San Francisco, USA |

⁴

Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA |

⁵

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, USA |

⁶

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK |

⁷

Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK |

⁸

Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA |

⁹

Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA |

¹⁰

Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA |

¹¹

The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine (INGEM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan |

¹²

Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan |

¹³

Cancer Center, Tohoku University Hospital, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan |

¹⁴

Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK |

¹⁵

Francis Crick Institute, London, UK |

¹⁶

Division of Genome Science, Department of Precision Medicine, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea |

¹⁷

Laboratory for Genomics of Diabetes and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan |

¹⁸

Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, USA |

¹⁹

Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA |

²⁰

HARVARD Medical school, Boston, USA |

²¹

Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA |

²²

Department of internal medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea |

²³

Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK |

²⁴

Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany |

²⁵

Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore |

²⁶

Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore

National University of Singapore

Agency for Science, Technology and Research

²⁷

Biomedical Sciences Graduate Studies Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA |

²⁸

Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Cambridge, USA |

²⁹

Regulatory Genomics and Diabetes, Centre for Genomic Regulation, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain

Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology

Centre for Genomic Regulation

³⁰

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain |

³¹

Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK |

³²

Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK |

³³

The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA |

³⁴

Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan |

³⁵

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands |

³⁶

The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, the Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation (formerly Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute) at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, USA |

³⁷

Department of medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada |

³⁸

Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Hamilton Health Sciences

McMaster University

³⁹

Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan |

⁴⁰

MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK |

⁴¹

Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA |

⁴²

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico |

⁴³

Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicologí, a AmbientalInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico |

⁴⁴

Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA |

⁴⁵

Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore |

⁴⁶

Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada |

⁴⁷

Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA |

⁴⁸

Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan |

⁴⁹

deCODE genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland |

⁵⁰

Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK |

⁵¹

Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia |

⁵²

Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

University of Copenhagen

Novo Nordisk

⁵³

Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, USA |

⁵⁴

Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University, Boston, USA |

⁵⁵

Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA |

⁵⁶

Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA |

⁵⁷

Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Data Driven Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany |

⁵⁸

Department of biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA |

⁵⁹

Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, USA |

⁶⁰

German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany |

⁶¹

Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany |

⁶²

Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany |

⁶³

Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, USA |

⁶⁴

Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherLands |

⁶⁵

Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands |

⁶⁶

Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA |

⁶⁷

Institute for Population and Precision Health, the University of Chicago, Chicago, USA |

⁶⁸

Department of Public Health Sciences and Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA |

⁶⁹

Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC-Group), CSIR–Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad, India |

⁷⁰

Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China |

⁷¹

Chinese University of Hong Kong–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Research Centre in Diabetes Genomics and Precision Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Chinese University of Hong Kong

⁷²

Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan |

⁷³

Inserm U1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France

Pasteur Institute of Lille

French Institute of Health and Medical Research

⁷⁴

University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France |

⁷⁵

Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA |

⁷⁶

Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA |

⁷⁷

Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA |

⁷⁸

Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA |

⁷⁹

Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA |

⁸⁰

Division of Academics, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, USA |

⁸¹

Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA |

⁸²

Department of Research and Evaluation, Division of Biostatistics Research, Kaiser Permanente of Southern California, Pasadena, USA |

⁸³

Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea |

⁸⁴

Vertex Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Oxford, UK |

⁸⁵

Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA |

⁸⁶

Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas and Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico |

⁸⁷

Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan |

⁸⁸

Department of Ocular Pathology and Imaging Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan |

⁸⁹

Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada |

⁹⁰

Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA |

⁹¹

Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China |

⁹²

Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark |

⁹³

Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark |

⁹⁴

Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA |

⁹⁵

Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, USA |

⁹⁶

Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China |

⁹⁷

Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China |

⁹⁸

Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore

Singapore Eye Research Institute

Singapore National Eye Centre

⁹⁹

Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK |

¹⁰⁰

Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes (ExCEeD), Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK |

¹⁰¹

Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA |

¹⁰²

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan |

¹⁰³

Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan |

¹⁰⁴

Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, USA |

¹⁰⁵

Section on Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA |

¹⁰⁶

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka |

¹⁰⁷

Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece |

¹⁰⁸

Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA |

¹⁰⁹

Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany |

¹¹⁰

Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany |

¹¹¹

Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA |

¹¹²

California Pacific Medical Center Research institute, San Francisco, USA |

¹¹³

Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK |

¹¹⁴

Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA |

¹¹⁵

Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK |

¹¹⁶

Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA |

¹¹⁷

Institute for Biomedicine, EURAC Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy |

¹¹⁸

Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lundquist Research Institute at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, USA |

¹¹⁹

Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, UPPSALA, Sweden |

¹²⁰

Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Unidad de Investigacion en Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Mexico City, Mexico |

¹²¹

Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA |

¹²²

Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA |

¹²³

Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA |

¹²⁴

University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK |

¹²⁵

Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research At Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

German Diabetes Center

Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf

¹²⁶

Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany |

¹²⁷

Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA |

¹²⁸

Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA |

¹²⁹

Center for Global Cardiometabolic Health, Brown University, Providence, USA |

¹³⁰

Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CHGC) and Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies (SIBPT), Shanghai, China |

¹³¹

Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan |

¹³²

School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan |

¹³³

Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan |

¹³⁴

School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan |

¹³⁵

Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan |

¹³⁶

University of Chicago Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh |

¹³⁷

Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland |

¹³⁸

Steno diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark |

¹³⁹

National Institute of Public Health, Southern Denmark University, Copenhagen, Denmark

University of Copenhagen

University of Southern Denmark

¹⁴⁰

Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark |

¹⁴¹

Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark |

¹⁴²

Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark |

¹⁴³

Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan |

¹⁴⁴

Department of Clinical Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, City of Hope, Duarte, USA |

¹⁴⁵

Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka |

¹⁴⁶

Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan |

¹⁴⁷

Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan |

¹⁴⁸

Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA |

¹⁴⁹

Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA |

¹⁵⁰

Center for Health Information Partnerships, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA |

¹⁵¹

Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore

Agency for Science, Technology and Research

Genome Institute of Singapore

¹⁵²

Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea |

¹⁵³

Department of Regional Resource Management, Ehime University Faculty of Collaborative Regional Innovation, Ehime, Japan |

¹⁵⁴

Ibusuki Kozenkai Hospital, Ibusuki, Japan |

¹⁵⁵

Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria |

¹⁵⁶

Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland

University of Eastern Finland

Kuopio University Hospital

¹⁵⁷

Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia |

¹⁵⁸

Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA

University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus

University of Colorado Denver

¹⁵⁹

Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea |

¹⁶⁰

Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea

Sungkyunkwan University

Samsung Medical Center

¹⁶¹

USC—Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines |

¹⁶²

Department of medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA |

¹⁶³

Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA |

¹⁶⁴

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Centre, Peking University, Beijing, China |

¹⁶⁵

Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands |

¹⁶⁶

Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, USA |

¹⁶⁷

Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre For Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK |

¹⁶⁸

Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark |

¹⁶⁹

Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore |

¹⁷⁰

McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA |

¹⁷¹

Department of Medicine, Division of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA |

¹⁷²

Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, USA |

¹⁷³

Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA |

¹⁷⁴

Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden |

¹⁷⁵

Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway |

¹⁷⁶

Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece |

¹⁷⁷

Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany |

¹⁷⁸

Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany |

¹⁷⁹

German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany |

¹⁸⁰

The Usher Institute to the Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK |

¹⁸¹

Digital Health Center, Digital Engineering Faculty of Hasso Plattner Institue and University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

Hasso Plattner Institute

University of Potsdam

¹⁸²

The Division of Data Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA |

¹⁸³

Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA |

¹⁸⁴

Data Tecnica International LLC, Glen Echo, USA |

¹⁸⁵

Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA |

¹⁸⁶

William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK |

¹⁸⁷

Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan |

¹⁸⁸

Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan |

¹⁸⁹

Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan |

¹⁹⁰

Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico city, Mexico |

¹⁹¹

Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA |

¹⁹²

Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA |

¹⁹³

Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa |

¹⁹⁴

Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR—Human Resource Development Centre Campus, Ghaziabad, India |

¹⁹⁵

Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India |

¹⁹⁶

Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA |

¹⁹⁷

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA |

¹⁹⁸

Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore |

¹⁹⁹

Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore |

²⁰⁰

Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA |

²⁰¹

Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA |

²⁰²

Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA |

²⁰³

Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK |

²⁰⁴

Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA |

²⁰⁵

Institute for Population and Precision Health (IPPH), Biological Sciences Division, the University of Chicago, Chicago, USA |

²⁰⁶

Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA |

²⁰⁷

Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany |

²⁰⁸

Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany |

²⁰⁹

Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany |

²¹⁰

Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan |

²¹¹

Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan |

²¹²

Faculty of Medicine, University of Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland |

²¹³

Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China |

²¹⁴

Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK |

²¹⁵

Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan |

²¹⁶

Department of Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland |

²¹⁷

National School of Public Health, Madrid, Spain |

²¹⁸

Department of Neuroscience and Preventive Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria |

²¹⁹

Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia |

²²⁰

Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico |

²²¹

Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxiología, Ambiental Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico |

²²²

Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico |

²²³

Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands |

²²⁴

Department of Human genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands |

²²⁵

Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Disease, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands |

²²⁶

Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA |

²²⁷

Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA |

²²⁸

Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiologia Clinica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico |

²²⁹

Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA |

²³⁰

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands |

²³¹

Department of public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark |

²³²

Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark |

²³³

Diabetology Research Centre, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India |

²³⁴

Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan |

²³⁵

Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia |

²³⁶

Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA |

²³⁷

Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA |

²³⁸

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, UCI Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, USA |

²³⁹

Department of Anti-aging Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan |

²⁴⁰

Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA |

²⁴¹

Department of medical sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden |

²⁴²

Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA |

²⁴³

Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA |

²⁴⁴

Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden |

²⁴⁵

Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA |

²⁴⁶

Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, USA |

²⁴⁷

Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China |

²⁴⁸

Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA |

²⁴⁹

Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Munich, Germany

Technical University of Munich

Rechts der Isar Hospital

²⁵⁰

Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan |

²⁵¹

Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA |

²⁵²

Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada |

²⁵³

Department of human genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada |

²⁵⁴

Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK |

²⁵⁵

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA |

²⁵⁶

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan |

²⁵⁷

Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA |

²⁵⁸

Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA |

²⁵⁹

Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA |

²⁶⁰

Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

University of Helsinki

Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland

²⁶¹

Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India |

²⁶²

Department of pathology and molecular medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada |

²⁶³

Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of medicine, Seoul, South Korea |

²⁶⁴

Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate school of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea |

²⁶⁵

Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands |

²⁶⁶

MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK |

²⁶⁷

Duke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore |

²⁶⁸

Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore

Agency for Science, Technology and Research

Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences

²⁶⁹

Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore |

²⁷⁰

Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK |

²⁷¹

Department of Medicine, Brown University Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, USA |

²⁷²

Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK |

²⁷³

National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK |

²⁷⁴

The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA |

²⁷⁵

Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA |

²⁷⁶

Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan |

²⁷⁷

Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin

Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin

²⁷⁸

Department of Advanced Genomic and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan |

²⁷⁹

Division of Clinical Laboratory and Blood Transfusion, University of the Ryukyus Hospital, Okinawa, Japan |

²⁸⁰

Toranomon hospital, Tokyo, Japan |

²⁸¹

Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK |

²⁸²

Section of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK |

²⁸³

Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK |

²⁸⁴

Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA |

²⁸⁵

Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA |

²⁸⁶

Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK |

²⁸⁷

NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK |

Publication type: Journal Article

Publication date: 2022-05-12

Springer Nature

Nature Genetics

scimago Q1

wos Q1

SJR: 16.586

CiteScore: 45.1

Impact factor: 29.0

ISSN: 10614036, 15461718

DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01058-3

Copy DOI

PubMed ID: 35551307

Genetics

Abstract

We assembled an ancestrally diverse collection of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in 180,834 affected individuals and 1,159,055 controls (48.9% non-European descent) through the Diabetes Meta-Analysis of Trans-Ethnic association studies (DIAMANTE) Consortium. Multi-ancestry GWAS meta-analysis identified 237 loci attaining stringent genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−9), which were delineated to 338 distinct association signals. Fine-mapping of these signals was enhanced by the increased sample size and expanded population diversity of the multi-ancestry meta-analysis, which localized 54.4% of T2D associations to a single variant with >50% posterior probability. This improved fine-mapping enabled systematic assessment of candidate causal genes and molecular mechanisms through which T2D associations are mediated, laying the foundations for functional investigations. Multi-ancestry genetic risk scores enhanced transferability of T2D prediction across diverse populations. Our study provides a step toward more effective clinical translation of T2D GWAS to improve global health for all, irrespective of genetic background. Genome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in ancestrally diverse populations implicate candidate causal genes and mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes. Trans-ancestry genetic risk scores enhance transferability across populations.

Found

2 citations

Piemonti Lorenzo

373 publications, 20 495 citations, 157 reviews

h-index: 71

Vita-Salute San Raffaele University

Ospedale San Raffaele

Research interests

Diabetes

Regenerative medicine

1 citation

Marselli Lorella

167 publications, 11 269 citations, 8 reviews

h-index: 56

University of Pisa

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Mahajan A. et al. Multi-ancestry genetic study of type 2 diabetes highlights the power of diverse populations for discovery and translation // Nature Genetics. 2022. Vol. 54. No. 5. pp. 560-572.

GOST all authors (up to 50) Copy

Mahajan A. et al. Multi-ancestry genetic study of type 2 diabetes highlights the power of diverse populations for discovery and translation // Nature Genetics. 2022. Vol. 54. No. 5. pp. 560-572.

RIS |

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BibTex (up to 50 authors) Copy

@article{2022_Mahajan,

author = {Anubha Mahajan and Cassandra N Spracklen and Weihua Zhang and Maggie C.Y. Ng and Lauren E. Petty and Hidetoshi Kitajima and Grace Z. Yu and Leo Speidel and Young Jin Kim and Momoko Horikoshi and Josep Mercader and Daniel Taliun and Sanghoon Moon and Soo Heon Kwak and Neil R. Robertson and Nigel W Rayner and Marie Loh and Bong-Jo Kim and Joshua Chiou and Irene Miguel-Escalada and Kuang Lin and Fiona Bragg and Michael H Preuss and Fumihiko Takeuchi and Jana Nano and Xiuqing Guo and Amel Lamri and Masahiro Nakatochi and Robert A Scott and Jung-Jin Lee and Alicia Huerta Chagoya and Mariaelisa Graff and Jin Fang Chai and Esteban J. Parra and JIE YAO and Lawrence F. Bielak and Yasuharu Tabara and Yang Hai and Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir and James P. Cook and Mart Kals and Niels Grarup and Ellen M. Schmidt and Ian Pan and Tamar Sofer and Matthias Wuttke and Chloé Sarnowski and Christian Gieger and Darryl Nousome and Stella Trompet and others},

title = {Multi-ancestry genetic study of type 2 diabetes highlights the power of diverse populations for discovery and translation},

journal = {Nature Genetics},

year = {2022},

volume = {54},

publisher = {Springer Nature},

month = {may},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01058-3},

number = {5},

pages = {560--572},

doi = {10.1038/s41588-022-01058-3}

}

MLA

Cite this

MLA Copy

Mahajan, Anubha, et al. “Multi-ancestry genetic study of type 2 diabetes highlights the power of diverse populations for discovery and translation.” Nature Genetics, vol. 54, no. 5, May. 2022, pp. 560-572. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01058-3.

Publisher

Springer Nature

Journal

Nature Genetics

scimago Q1

wos Q1

SJR

16.586

CiteScore

45.1

Impact factor

29.0

ISSN

10614036 (Print)

15461718 (Electronic)