Layer-by-Layer approaches for formation of smart self-healing materials

This review is focused on the current achievements in application of Layer-by-Layer techniques for formation of materials with self-healing properties. We addressed the questions related to choice of materials for the Layer-by-Layer deposition, general aspects of multilayer formation, deposition techniques, and the mechanisms of self-healing of the multilayers. Layer-by-Layer deposited polyelectrolytes, hydrogels, conducting polymers, inorganic particles, hybrid organic–inorganic particles, and healing agents show great potential in formation of self-healing materials. In general, a non-covalently bonded Layer-by-Layer system exhibits high mobility of its components in response to external stimuli (humidity, T, pH, ionic strength, light, etc.) and, thus, can restore its integrity and heal defects. The review highlights the recent examples of Layer-by-Layer based design of self-healing materials for corrosion protection and biomedical application.