Journal of Applied Physics, volume 121, issue 3, pages 34503

Investigation of Al/CuO multilayered thermite ignition

Andréa Nicollet 1
, 
Guillaume Lahiner 1
, 
Andres Belisario 1
, 
Sandrine Souleille 1
, 
Mehdi Djafari Rouhani 1
, 
Alain Estève 1
, 
Carole Rossi 1
1
 
Université de Toulouse LAAS-CNRS, , Toulouse, France | 
Publication type: Journal Article
Publication date: 2017-01-18
scimago Q2
SJR: 0.649
CiteScore: 5.4
Impact factor: 2.7
ISSN: 00218979, 10897550
General Physics and Astronomy
Abstract

The ignition of the Al/CuO multilayered material is studied experimentally to explore the effects of the heating surface area, layering, and film thickness on the ignition characteristics and reaction performances. After the description of the micro-initiator devices and ignition conditions, we show that the heating surface area must be properly calibrated to optimize the nanothermite ignition performances. We demonstrated experimentally that a heating surface area of 0.25 mm2 is sufficient to ignite a multilayered thermite film of 1.6 mm wide by a few cm long, with a success rate of 100%. A new analytical and phenomenological ignition model based on atomic diffusion across layers and thermal exchange is also proposed. This model considers that CuO first decomposes into Cu2O, and then the oxygen diffuses across the Cu2O and Al2O3 layers before reaching the Al layer, where it reacts to form Al2O3. The theoretical results in terms of ignition response times confirm the experimental observation. The increase of the heating surface area leads to an increase of the ignition response time and ignition power threshold (go/no go condition). We also provide evidence that, for any heating surface area, the ignition time rapidly decreases when the electrical power density increases until an asymptotic value. This time point is referred to as the minimum response ignition time, which is a characteristic of the multilayered thermite itself. At the stoichiometric ratio (Al thickness is half of the CuO thickness), the minimum ignition response time can be easily tuned from 59 μs to 418 ms by tuning the heating surface area. The minimum ignition response time increases when the bilayer thickness increases. This work not only provides a set of micro-initiator design rules to obtain the best ignition conditions and reaction performances but also details a reliable and robust MicroElectroMechanical Systems process to fabricate igniters and brings new understanding of phenomena governing the ignition process of Al/CuO multilayers.

Found 28
By date By citations
Elsevier
Exploring the reaction mechanism in self-propagating Al/Ni multilayers by adding inert material
Grapes M.D., Weihs T.P.
Combustion and Flame scimago Q1 wos Q1 , 
2016-10-01,  citations by CoLab: 40 ,  Abstract  
We present a new class of reactive materials termed “inert-mediated reactive multilayers” (IMRMs) that use inert material to decouple the effects of chemistry and maximum temperature in a reactive multilayer. Important considerations in the selection of composition and thickness for reactive and inert material in an IMRM are detailed. We then present the results from a specific set of IMRM samples that we fabricated using 23-nm-bilayer 1:1 Al:Ni reactive sections and 2:3 Cu:Ni inert sections. In these samples we observe a systematic reduction of heats of reaction, maximum reaction temperatures, and reaction propagation velocities as the volume fraction of reactive material is reduced. At the same time, metrics sensitive to the reaction mechanism and products indicate that there is little if any cross-contamination between inert and reactive material in any of the samples. This indicates that the IMRM samples all undergo the same net reaction (Al/Ni → AlNi) but at a range of different flame temperatures (roughly 1950 K to 1300 K). Using existing theoretical models for the relationship between flame temperature and propagation velocity, we analyze the experimental data to obtain the activation energy for the mixing process and find that this value varies significantly as the maximum reaction temperature changes. At high reaction temperatures we observe a very low activation energy (26 kJ/mol) which suggests diffusion of Ni in molten Al is the rate controlling mixing mechanism in agreement with the conclusions of other studies focused on un-mediated Al/Ni reactive multilayers. However, as the reaction temperature decreases the activation energy appears to shift to much larger values implying a change in the reaction mechanism. We postulate that this shift indicates that solid products are able to form earlier in the reaction at these temperatures, impeding atomic diffusion and intermixing.
Springer Nature
Effect of dilution on reaction properties and bonds formed using mechanically processed dilute thermite foils
Kinsey A.H., Slusarski K., Woll K., Gibbins D., Weihs T.P.
Journal of Materials Science scimago Q1 wos Q2 , 
2016-03-17,  citations by CoLab: 22 ,  Abstract  
Thermites have been used for over a century for joining applications and in this paper we present fully dense diluted thermite foils that react in a self-propagating manner and produce sufficient heat and molten braze to join aluminum-, magnesium-, and iron-based alloys. Al:NiO, Al:CuO, and Al:Cu2O thermite systems were systematically diluted with Ni or Cu to decrease the maximum reaction temperature and hence the amount of gas generated during the self-propagating reactions. Velocities and mass ejection were measured for reactions within free-standing foils as a function of dilution. The dilution that leads to quenching during propagation within a bond is identified, and finally, Al:NiO:10wt%Ni and Al:CuO:40wt%Cu foils were used to demonstrate the ability to join aluminum-, magnesium-, and iron-based alloys.
Elsevier
The effect of metal oxide particle size on the thermal behavior and ignition kinetic of Mg–CuO thermite mixture
Hosseini S.G., Sheikhpour A., Keshavarz M.H., Tavangar S.
Thermochimica Acta scimago Q2 wos Q2 , 
2016-02-01,  citations by CoLab: 36 ,  Abstract  
In this work, the influences of the particle size and agglomeration of copper oxide on the thermal behavior of Mg/CuO systems were verified. In the next step, the dependencies of activation energy on extent of conversion (α) for ignition reaction of Mg/CuO systems, obtained using Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) isoconversional method. According to DSC data, the ignition temperature and heat of reaction of the physically-mixed μm-Mg/180 nm CuO were 647.4 °C and 2103.9 J g−1, respectively. It was found that the replacement of 180 nm CuO with 50 nm CuO as oxidizer increases the energy output and decreases the ignition temperature and activation energy of Mg/CuO system. The results also revealed that the agglomeration of CuO nanoparticles decreases the heat of reaction and increases activation energy of Mg/CuO mixture in the conversion range of 0.1 ≤ α ≤ 0.5. Moreover, it was observed that melting of magnesium changes the activation energy of Mg/CuO mixture at end of the reaction.
Elsevier
Oxy-fuel combustion of pulverized fuels: Combustion fundamentals and modeling
Yin C., Yan J.
Applied Energy scimago Q1 wos Q1 , 
2016-01-01,  citations by CoLab: 299 ,  Abstract  
Oxy-fuel combustion of pulverized fuels (PF), as a promising technology for CO2 capture from power plants, has gained a lot of concerns and also advanced considerable research, development and demonstration in the past years worldwide. The use of CO2 or the mixture of CO2 and H2O vapor as the diluent in oxy-fuel combustion, instead of N2 in conventional air–fuel combustion, induces significant changes to the combustion fundamentals, because of the great differences in the physical properties and chemical effects of the different diluents. Therefore, some fundamental issues and technological challenges need to be properly addressed to develop oxy-fuel combustion into an enabled technology. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling, which has been proven to be a very useful and cost-effective tool in research and development of conventional air–fuel combustion, is expected to play a similarly vital role in future development of oxy-fuel combustion technology. The paper presents a state-of-the-art review and an in-depth discussion of PF oxy-fuel combustion fundamentals and their modeling, which underpin the development of this promising technology. The focus is placed on the key issues in combustion physics (e.g., turbulent gas–solid flow, heat and mass transfer) and combustion chemistry (e.g., pyrolysis, gas phase combustion and char reactions), mainly on how they are affected in oxy-fuel conditions and how they are modeled and implemented into CFD simulations. The system performance of PF oxy-fuel combustion is also reviewed. Finally, the current status of PF oxy-fuel combustion fundamentals and modeling is concluded and the research needs in these regards are suggested.
Wiley
Combustion of Energetic Porous Silicon Composites Containing Different Oxidizers
Abraham A., Piekiel N.W., Morris C.J., Dreizin E.L.
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics scimago Q2 wos Q3 , 
2015-10-08,  citations by CoLab: 21 ,  Abstract  
We present a quantitative investigation of com- bustion of on-chip porous silicon (PS) energetic materials using oxidizers with improved moisture stability and/or minimized environmental impact compared to sodium per- chlorate (NaClO4). Material properties of the PS films were characterized using gas adsorption porosimetry and profil- ometry to determine specific surface area, porosity, and etch depth. PS energetic composites were formed using melt-penetrated or solution-deposited oxidizers into the pores. Combustion was characterized by high speed imag- ing and bomb calorimetry. The flame speeds quantified for PS/sulfur and PS/nitrate systems varied in the ranges of 2.9-3.7 m s � 1 and 3.1-21 m s � 1 , respectively. The experimen- tal combustion enthalpies are reported for different oxidiz- er systems in both inert and oxidizing environments. For the PS/sulfur and the PS/nitrate systems, the experimental heats of combustion were comparable to those calculated for the thermodynamic equilibrium and taking into account an increased reactivity of PS due to the hydrogen terminat- ed silicon surface.
AIP Publishing
Characterizing solid-state ignition of runaway chemical reactions in Ni-Al nanoscale multilayers under uniform heating
Fritz G.M., Grzyb J.A., Knio O.M., Grapes M.D., Weihs T.P.
Journal of Applied Physics scimago Q2 wos Q2 , 
2015-10-07,  citations by CoLab: 33 ,  Abstract  
Nanoscale layers of nickel and aluminum can mix rapidly to produce runaway reactions. While self-propagating high temperature synthesis reactions have been observed for decades, the solid-state ignition of these reactions has been challenging to study. Particularly elusive is characterization of the low-temperature chemical mixing that occurs just prior to the ignition of the runaway reaction. Characterization can be challenging due to inhomogeneous microstructures, uncontrollable heat losses, and the nonuniform distribution of heat throughout the material prior to ignition. To reduce the impact of these variables, we heat multilayered Ni/Al foils in a highly uniform manner and report ignition temperatures as low as 245 °C for heating rates ranging from 2000 °C/s to 50 000 °C/s. Igniting in this way reveals that there are four stages before the reaction is complete: heating to an ignition temperature, low temperature solid-state mixing, a separate high temperature solid-state mixing, and liquid-state mixing. Multiple bilayer spacings, heating rates, and heating times are compared to show that the ignition temperature is a function of the bilayer spacing. A symmetric numerical diffusion model is used to show that there is very little chemical mixing in the first 10 ms of heating but significant mixing after 50 ms. These predictions suggest that ignition temperatures should increase for the slowest heating rates but this trend could not be identified clearly. The modeling was also used to examine the kinetic parameters governing the early stages of solid-state diffusion and suggest that grain boundary diffusion is dominant.
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Enhancing the Reactivity of Al/CuO Nanolaminates by Cu Incorporation at the Interfaces
Marín L., Nanayakkara C.E., Veyan J., Warot-Fonrose B., Joulie S., Estève A., Tenailleau C., Chabal Y.J., Rossi C.
ACS applied materials & interfaces scimago Q1 wos Q1 , 
2015-05-29,  citations by CoLab: 71 ,  Abstract  
In situ deposition of a thin (∼5 nm) layer of copper between Al and CuO layers is shown to increase the overall nanolaminate material reactivity. A combination of transmission electron microscopy imaging, in situ infrared spectroscopy, low energy ion scattering measurements, and first-principles calculations reveals that copper spontaneously diffuses into aluminum layers (substantially less in CuO layers). The formation of an interfacial Al:Cu alloy with melting temperature lower than pure Al metal is responsible for the enhanced reactivity, opening a route to controlling the stochiometry of the aluminum layer and increasing the reactivity of the nanoenergetic multilayer systems in general.
Elsevier
Nanoenergetics as pressure generator for nontoxic impact primers: Comparison of Al/Bi2O3, Al/CuO, Al/MoO3 nanothermites and Al/PTFE
Glavier L., Taton G., Ducéré J., Baijot V., Pinon S., Calais T., Estève A., Djafari Rouhani M., Rossi C.
Combustion and Flame scimago Q1 wos Q1 , 
2015-05-01,  citations by CoLab: 171 ,  Abstract  
In the last two decades, major progresses have been made in developing highly-exothermic reactive mixtures. Mixtures of metallic and oxide powders, so-called nanothermites have been used to release temperature, pressure waves and eventually new compounds through exothermic reactions. By varying the size and nature of the oxidizer, we can tune the performances of these materials and multiply the applications. For application in nanothermite-based impact primers, it is important to generate a high pressure peak with a pressurization rate as high as possible to accelerate a thin plastic or metallic foil to a few hundreds of meter per second. This paper reports on the burning rate performances and over-pressure generation for 4 kinds of nanothermite powder mixtures prepared using aluminum nanoparticles mixed with 3 different nano-sized oxidizers, Bi2O3, CuO, MoO3 and micron-sized PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) and compare them to Al/CuO multilayer nanothermite. We observe that Al/Oxide reactions are very luminous with an unconfined burning rate spanning from 65 to 420 m/s. The maximum value has been obtained for Al/Bi2O3 powder mixture. Al/CuO mixture generates the highest pressure peak (41.7 MPa) at 50% TMD (Theoretical Maximum Density). The maximum pressurization rate is also measured for this Al/Bi2O3 mixture (∼5762 kPa/μs) at 30% TMD comparatively higher than the others: 172, 35 and 33 kPa/μs for Al/CuO, Al/MoO3 and Al/PTFE respectively. The shortest time needed to reach maximal pressure is obtained for Al/Bi2O3 with 225 μs. It is of 360 μs for Al/MoO3, 770 μs for Al/CuO and 1040 μs for Al/PTFE. So there is a difference of performance. Burning rates follow the same tendency: the highest velocity is obtained for Al/Bi2O3, and slowest for Al/PTFE. So the faster reaction results in a reduced ignition delay.
Elsevier
Reactive multilayers fabricated by vapor deposition: A critical review
Adams D.P.
Thin Solid Films scimago Q2 wos Q3 , 
2015-02-01,  citations by CoLab: 252 ,  Abstract  
Reactive multilayer thin films are a class of energetic materials that continue to attract attention for use in joining applications and as igniters. Generally composed of two reactants, these heterogeneous solids can be stimulated by an external source to promptly release stored chemical energy in a sudden emission of light and heat. In this critical review article, results from recent investigations of these materials are discussed. Discussion begins with a brief description of the vapor deposition techniques that provide accurate control of layer thickness and film composition. More than 50 reactive film compositions have been reported to date, with most multilayers fabricated by magnetron sputter deposition or electron-beam evaporation. In subsequent sections, we review how multilayer ignition threshold, reaction rate, and total heat are tailored via thin film design. For example, planar multilayers with nanometer-scale periodicity exhibit rapid, self-sustained reactions with wavefront velocities up to 100 m/s. Numeric and analytical models have elucidated many of the fundamental processes that underlie propagating exothermic reactions while demonstrating how reaction rates vary with multilayer design. Recent, time-resolved diffraction and imaging studies have further revealed the phase transformations and the wavefront dynamics associated with propagating chemical reactions. Many reactive multilayers (e.g., Co/Al) form product phases that are consistent with published equilibrium phase diagrams, yet a few systems, such as Pt/Al, develop metastable products. The final section highlights current and emerging applications of reactive multilayers. Examples include reactive Ni(V)/Al and Pd/Al multilayers which have been developed for localized soldering of heat-sensitive components.
Wiley
Magnetron Sputtered Al‐CuO Nanolaminates: Effect of Stoichiometry and Layers Thickness on Energy Release and Burning Rate
Bahrami M., Taton G., Conédéra V., Salvagnac L., Tenailleau C., Alphonse P., Rossi C.
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics scimago Q2 wos Q3 , 
2014-05-20,  citations by CoLab: 75 ,  Abstract  
This paper reports on the reaction characteristic of Al/CuO reactive nanolaminates for different stoichiome- tries and bilayer thicknesses. Al/CuO nanolaminates are de- posited by a DC reactive magnetron sputtering method. Pure Al and Cu targets are used in argon-oxygen gas mix- ture plasma and an oxygen partial pressure of 0.13 Pa. This process produces low stress multilayered materials, each layer being in the range of 25 nanometers to one microme- ter. Their structural, morphological, and chemical properties were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The heat of reaction and onset temperature were measured using differential scan- ning calorimetry (DSC). Under stoichiometric conditions, the reactivity quickly increases with the decrease of Al/CuO bilayer thickness. The burning rate is 2 m s � 1 for bilayer thickness of 1.5 mm and reaches 80 m s � 1 for bilayer thick- ness of 150 nm. At constant heating rate, the Al/CuO heat of reaction depends on both stoichiometry and bilayer thickness. When the bilayer thickness exceeds 300 nm, the heat of reaction decreases; it seems that only the region near the interface reacts. The best nanolaminate configura- tion was obtained for Al/CuO bilayer thickness of 150 nm.
IOP Publishing
Micro-chip initiator realized by integrating Al/CuO multilayer nanothermite on polymeric membrane
Taton G., Lagrange D., Conedera V., Renaud L., Rossi C.
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering scimago Q2 wos Q3 , 
2013-09-10,  citations by CoLab: 77 ,  Abstract  
We have developed a new nanothermite based polymeric electro-thermal initiator for non-contact ignition of a propellant. A reactive Al/CuO multilayer nanothermite resides on a 100 µm thick SU-8/PET (polyethyleneterephtalate) membrane to insulate the reactive layer from the silicon bulk substrate. When current is supplied to the initiator, the chemical reaction Al+CuO occurs and sparkles are spread to a distance of several millimeters. A micro-manufacturing process for fabricating the initiator is presented and the electrical behaviors of the ignition elements are also investigated. The characteristics of the initiator made on a 100 µm thick SU-8/PET membrane were compared to two bulk electro-thermal initiators: one on a silicon and one on a Pyrex substrate. The PET devices give 100% of Al/CuO ignition success for an electrical current >250 mA. Glass based reactive initiators give 100% of Al/CuO ignition success for an electrical current >500 mA. Reactive initiators directly on silicon cannot initiate even with a 4 A current. At low currents (
Wiley
Effect of Solids Loading on Resonant Mixed Al-Bi2 O3 Nanothermite Powders
Nellums R.R., Terry B.C., Tappan B.C., Son S.F., Groven L.J.
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics scimago Q2 wos Q3 , 
2013-07-24,  citations by CoLab: 48 ,  Abstract  
Sensitive nanoenergetic powders, such as nanothermites, have traditionally been processed by ultrasonic mixing of very low solids loaded suspensions in organic solvents, which has restricted their use and application due to high solvent content and associated handling issues. In this work, we report on the performance and mixing quality of nanothermite mixtures prepared in a LabRAM resonant mixer at high solids loadings as compared to ultrasonic mixing. Specifically, the aluminum-bismuth(III) oxide (Al/Bi2O3) system processed in the polar solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was investigated. It was found that the performance and overall quality of mixing was strongly correlated to the volumetric solids loading during processing; increasing volumetric solids loading decreases separation of particles, leading to more particle interaction and more intimate mixing. The measured performance of this system processed at 30 vol-% was similar to traditionally ultrasonicated mixtures. Increasing the solids loading above 30 vol-% yielded diminishing returns in performance and may introduce additional safety concerns since dry powders are very sensitive to electrostatic discharge. This mixing approach uses significantly less solvent than traditional ultrasonic mixing, results in a higher density final material, and is amenable to scaling. In addition, solvent wetted nanothermite mixed at 30 vol-% solids loading can be mixed and deposited from a single applicator and was observed to be over five orders of magnitude less sensitive to electrostatic discharge than dry powders. This relative insensitivity enables the safe deposition of high density nanothermite ink onto devices.
AIP Publishing
Bottom-up modeling of Al/Ni multilayer combustion: Effect of intermixing and role of vacancy defects on the ignition process
Hemeryck A., Ducéré J.-., Lanthony C., Estève A., Rossi C., Djafari-Rouhani M., Estève D.
Journal of Applied Physics scimago Q2 wos Q2 , 
2013-05-22,  citations by CoLab: 8 ,  Abstract  
Vapor deposited multilayered aluminum/oxide and bimetallics are promising materials for Micro Electro Mechanical System technologies as energy carriers, for instance, microinitiators or heat microsources in biological or chemical applications. Among these materials, the Al/Ni couple has received much attention both experimentally and theoretically. However, the detailed relation between the chemical composition of the intermixed interfacial regions and its impact on the ignition capabilities remains elusive. In this contribution, we propose a two-fold strategy combining atomistic density functional theory (DFT) calculations and a macroscopic 1D model of chemical kinetics. The DFT calculations allow the description of the elementary chemical processes (involving Al, Ni atoms and vacancies basic ingredients) and to parameterize the macroscopic model, in which the system is described as a stack of infinite layers. This gives the temporal evolution of the system composition and temperature. We demonstrate that the amount of vacancies, originating from the deposition process and the Al and Ni lattice mismatch, plays a critical role on both the ignition time and the temperature. The presence of vacancies enhances the migration of atoms between layers and so dramatically speeds up the atomic mixing at low temperatures far below ignition temperature, also pointing to the relation between experimental deposition procedures and ageing of the nanolaminates.
Elsevier
Nanothermite reactions: Is gas phase oxygen generation from the oxygen carrier an essential prerequisite to ignition?
Jian G., Chowdhury S., Sullivan K., Zachariah M.R.
Combustion and Flame scimago Q1 wos Q1 , 
2013-03-01,  citations by CoLab: 154 ,  Abstract  
In this study we investigate the role of gas phase oxygen on ignition of nanothermite reactions. By separately evaluating the temperature at which ten oxidizers release gas phase species, and the temperature of ignition in an aluminum based thermite, we found that ignition occurred prior to, after or simultaneous to the release of gas phase oxygen depending on the oxidizer. For some nanothermites formulations, we indeed saw a correlation of oxygen release and ignition temperatures . However, when combined with in situ high heating stage microscopy indicating reaction in the absence of O 2 , we conclude that the presence of free molecular oxygen cannot be a prerequisite to initiation for many other nanothermites. This implies that for some systems initiation likely results from direct interfacial contact between fuel and oxidizer, leading to condensed state mobility of reactive species. Initiation of these nanothermite reactions is postulated to occur via reactive sintering, where sintering of the particles can commence at the Tammann temperature which is half the melting temperature of the oxidizers. These results do not imply that gas phase oxygen is unimportant when full combustion commences.
Elsevier
Transient pressure mediated intranuclear delivery of FITC-Dextran into chicken cardiomyocytes by MEMS-based nanothermite reaction actuator
Korampally M., Apperson S.J., Staley C.S., Castorena J.A., Thiruvengadathan R., Gangopadhyay K., Mohan R.R., Ghosh A., Polo-Parada L., Gangopadhyay S.
Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical scimago Q1 wos Q1 , 
2012-08-01,  citations by CoLab: 39 ,  Abstract  
We have developed a novel, operator-friendly, nanothermite reaction actuator which generates transient pressures comprised of a shock wave superimposed on a broad pressure pulse to facilitate intranuclear molecular transport. The actuator demonstrates the delivery of ∼70 kDa FITC-Dextran into chicken cardiomyocytes with cytoplasmic delivery efficiency greater than 90%, maximum intranuclear delivery efficiency of 84%, and cell survival rates exceeding 95% in minimum operating pressure conditions. Tunable nanothermite reactions enable versatile pressure generating characteristics which can extend the technology to a spectrum of biomedical molecular delivery applications.
Found 70
By date By citations
Elsevier
Thermite combustion: Current trends in modeling and future perspectives
Esteve A., Rossi C.
Applications in Energy and Combustion Science scimago Q1 wos Q1 Open Access , 
2025-03-29,  citations by CoLab: 0 , 
Elsevier
A review of nano-reactive multilayered films and their applications in micro-energetic igniters
Xu J., Zhang J., Ye Y., Zhou Y., Lai Y., Shen R.
FirePhysChem Open Access , 
2025-01-05,  citations by CoLab: 0 , 
Elsevier
Research progress on energy exchange models and principles of energetic metallic bridges
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FirePhysChem Open Access , 
2024-12-23,  citations by CoLab: 0 , 
Elsevier
Modeling and simulation of self-propagating exothermic reactions in Al/Ni reactive multilayer films and experimental validation
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Materials Today Communications scimago Q2 wos Q2 , 
2024-12-01,  citations by CoLab: 0 , 
Wiley
Resistive Heating and Thermal Decomposition of an Additively Manufacturable Electrically Conductive Explosive
Chapman W.W., Young G.M., Montoya G.A., Salyer T.R., Son S.F.
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics scimago Q2 wos Q3 , 
2024-11-04,  citations by CoLab: 0 ,  Abstract  
AbstractThe ability to transmit electrical signals through high explosive charges without using dense metal conductors could enable continuous monitoring of explosive charges with internally embedded sensors. With the sensor materials themselves being energetic, the impact on the intended detonation performance of the charge can be minimized. Embedded sensors enable real time, in‐situ measurements of conditions relevant to ageing assessments. Additionally, dynamic material property sensing can provide detonation performance data, enabling measurement of dynamic shock position. One proposed method to allow for electronic signal transfer through high explosives is to use electrically conductive explosive composites consisting of an electrically conductive polymer binder mixed with high explosive crystals. These conductive energetic pathways also serve as independently reactive elements and can provide additional functionality via dynamic sensor removal through resistive heating and subsequent decomposition. This work discusses the resistive heating of a previously developed, poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) based, electrically conductive extrudable explosive composite. Experimental samples of the conductive explosive material were subjected to a range of direct current applications and the resulting heating and decomposition of the material is discussed.
Elsevier
Design and fabrication of a fast-response and low-energy input micro igniter
Wu T., Singh V., Julien B., Mendoza-Diaz M., Mesnilgrente F., Charlot S., Rossi C.
Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical scimago Q1 wos Q1 , 
2024-10-01,  citations by CoLab: 3 ,  Abstract  
In this study, we innovatively combine direct ink writing (DIW) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) to fabricate a novel micro igniter with fast-response and low-energy input characteristics. The igniter comprises a 5×5 mm² metal film bridge with gold contact pads. The metallic resistance is fabricated using a series of photolithography, metal deposition, and lift-off processes. After evaluating titanium and chromium as the resistive filament, titanium was selected due to its superior reactivity when in contact with CuO leading to reduced ignition energy. Onto the resistive titanium layer, either thermite multilayer films and/or energetic inks are deposited to achieve a head-to-head comparison of ignition characteristics. We show that igniters powered by (CuO/Ti)5 bilayers and Al/CuO/PVDF as energetic ink demonstrate the equivalent ignition performance as reactive (CuO/Ti)5 multilayered igniter. The ignition delay and ignition energy are below 1 ms and 2 mJ, respectively, while the flash intensity is approximately one decade higher than what is typically achieved with conventional micro-igniters. Furthermore, its ignition behaviour can be readily adjusted by altering the constituents of the fuel/oxidizer or adjusting the ratio of multilayer/inks, thereby allowing for easy adaptation of the micro-igniter to meet the diverse requirements of various applications.
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Effects of Intermetallic Phase Formation and Bilayer Spacing on the Oxygen Exchange Process in Mg–CuO Reactive Multilayer Films
Skidmore C.H., Funni S.D., Dickey E.C., Nordlander J., Maria J.
Journal of Physical Chemistry C scimago Q1 wos Q3 , 
2024-08-30,  citations by CoLab: 1 , 
Elsevier
A novel transient strategy: transient electronics based on energetic materials
Wang Y., Ma Z., He W., Zhang Y., Liu P.
Defence Technology scimago Q1 wos Q1 Open Access , 
2024-05-17,  citations by CoLab: 0 ,  Abstract  
Transient electronics is a versatile tool that finds applications in various fields, including medical biology, environmental protection, and data information security. In the context of data protection, the traditional passive degradation transient mode is being replaced by the active destruction mode, which features a short self-destruction time and provides greater resistance to recovery. This article presents an overview of recent progress in transient electronics, assessing the benefits and suitability of varying transient mechanisms. The article also analyses the influence of transient electronics on military security while emphasizing the advantages of implementing energetic materials. Besides, the article introduces energetic transient devices and evaluates their ability to support the autonomous operation of transient electronic devices.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Design of a Wearable Protection System to Prevent Fall Injuries Using Arcadia/Capella Tool
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2024-04-17,  citations by CoLab: 0 , 
Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii
Reactive multilayer nanofilms: time of scientific and technological maturity
Rogachev Alexander S.
Russian Chemical Reviews scimago Q1 wos Q1 Open Access , 
2024-02-09,  citations by CoLab: 3 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
The review presents the results of recent research and the latest developments in the field of reactive multilayer nanofilms (RMNFs), which were first obtained in the mid-1990s and have now formed a special class of energetic materials produced by layer-by-layer deposition. This class includes M/Al systems (M = Ni, Ti, Zr, Pt, Pd), other bimetallic systems (Ni/Ti, etc.), M/Nm systems (M = Ti, Zr, Nm = Si, B, C) and thermite systems (Al/CuO, etc.) and continues to expand. The emergence of RMNFs stimulated the creation of new experimental diagnostic methods and computer models for fast physicochemical processes. It is shown that the reaction in the front of a self-propagating exothermic wave occurs in a time of the order of microseconds, which is determined by the rate of dissolution of a solid reactant in the melt of the second, low-melting reactant (usually Al) and by the rate of liquid-phase diffusion. The unique properties of reaction waves in RMNFs are used in novel technologies for bonding dissimilar materials.The bibliography includes 160 references.
Elsevier
New insights into the mechanisms of TiB2(001) thermal oxidation combining molecular dynamics and density functional theory calculations
Jabraoui H., Alpuche A., Rossi C., Esteve A.
Acta Materialia scimago Q1 wos Q1 , 
2024-01-01,  citations by CoLab: 7 ,  Abstract  
Using reactive force field molecular dynamics and Density Functional Theory, this study unravels the early stages of TiB2 oxidation. Overall, it is found that the TiB2 boron sheets hinder the oxidation until a temperature of 800 K is reached, above which a complex sequence of chemical mechanisms leads to the formation of a titanium oxide at the top surface and agglomeration of pure boron underneath, preventing further TiO2 growth below 900 K. It is demonstrated that titanium oxidation is possible after the softening and distortion of boron sheets due to oxygen adsorbate presence; mostly BO radicals, no B2O3-like structure is formed. The local distortions of boron aromatic rings allow oxygen insertion into the subsurface, which is followed by titanium extraction and migration towards the outer surface in contact with the molecular oxygen atmosphere. Mechanistic details of these complex extraction-oxidation processes and their relation to cooperative oxygen atoms and molecules are detailed in terms of pathways and corresponding energetics. Interestingly different reaction stages are identified, that do not exceed 2 eV activation. The proposed hierarchical scenario of oxidation of titanium and boron in TiB2 might benefit to the general understanding of metal diboride oxidation.
Elsevier
Synthesis of Al/B/graphite fluoride microspheres with enhanced energetic properties
Ren L., Wang J., Mao Y., Chen J., Deng Y., Zhang X., Wang J.
Chemical Engineering Journal scimago Q1 wos Q1 , 
2023-12-01,  citations by CoLab: 7 ,  Abstract  
Aluminum (Al) is one of the most widely used metal fuels in the fields of automotive airbags, solid propellants, explosives and pyrotechnics. Unfortunately, it is hard to meet further demand of practical applications owing to the comparatively low calorific value. Herein, graphite fluoride (CF) and boron (B) are employed to construct Al/B/CF microspheres through self-assembly in emulsion to obtain high energy density and significantly improved combustion performance resulted from synergistic reaction between Al and B reacted with fluorine. The Al/B/CF microspheres with pore structure have uniformly distribution of components and the average size ranged from 60 to 600 μm. Based on the experimental results, CF content and Al/B mass ratio have significant important effects on the combustion behavior and pressure output. The highest burning rate (301.74 m/s) and pressurization rate (77.78 MPa/s) are obtained for the Al/B/CF microspheres with CF content of 50 wt% and Al/B mass ratio of 3 to 1, respectively. Furthermore, the combustion reaction process of single Al/B/CF microsphere are studied for the first time to understand the synergistic reaction between high reactivity of Al and high energy of B reacted with fluorine. This work demonstrates that introducing CF and B to construct Al/B/CF microspheres is an efficient strategy to achieve high energy density and reactivity for the practical applications.
Elsevier
Effects of W on the thermal induced-energy release behavior and mechanical properties of 2Al–Ni and Al–Ni composites fabricated by mechanical alloying
Abdollahi Azghan M., Alizadeh A.
Intermetallics scimago Q1 wos Q1 , 
2023-10-01,  citations by CoLab: 3 ,  Abstract  
Reactive Structural Materials (RSMs) find extensive utilization across diverse applications owing to their remarkable characteristics encompassing exceptional mechanical properties and notable energy-release capabilities. This study aimed to investigate the influence of tungsten (W) particles at varying weight percentages (10, 30, 50 wt %) on the thermally induced energy release and mechanical properties of 2Al–Ni and Al–Ni RSM composites, which were prepared through mechanical alloying followed by hot pressing. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test results revealed that the addition of W particles led to a decelerated occurrence of the reaction and a reduction in the reaction energy for both 2Al–Ni and Al–Ni composites. In contrast, the air burning test demonstrated a significant increase in the reaction temperature of both composites upon the incorporation of W particles. For instance, the addition of 30 wt% W particles raised the reaction temperature of the 2Al–Ni composite from 1087 °C to 1174 °C, and that of the Al–Ni composite from 1180 °C to 1454 °C. The findings of the mechanical tests aligned closely with those of the combustion tests, indicating a substantial enhancement in the compressive strength and hardness values of the 2Al–Ni and Al–Ni composites with increasing W content.
Elsevier
How positioning of a hard ceramic TiB2 layer in Al/CuO multilayers can regulate the overall energy release behavior
Singh V., Wu T., Hagen E., Salvagnac L., Tenailleau C., Estéve A., Zachariah M.R., Rossi C.
Fuel scimago Q1 wos Q1 , 
2023-10-01,  citations by CoLab: 11 ,  Abstract  
This study reports on a new ternary thermite comprising of Al-TiB2/CuO multilayers, designed to take the advantage of high ignitability of titanium (Ti), high volumetric density of boron (B), and low melting point of aluminum (Al). Results demonstrate synergetic effects leading to an energetic layer outperforming its single fuel counterparts, Al/CuO or TiB2/CuO, while being safe to handle. The additive TiB2 not only lowers the ignition energy by 100%, but also enhances the burn rate by more than a factor of two compared to the single fuel samples (Al/CuO and TiB2/CuO). The thermite reaction sequences and synergy of Ti, B and Al oxidation, examined by thermo-analytical analyses coupled with X-ray spectroscopy and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, demonstrate the strong affinity of TiB2 to oxygen that catalyzes CuO decomposition at temperatures as low as 380 °C; followed by a dual-step TiB2 oxidation: first to TiO, and then to TiO2 led by a reaction limiting step of oxidizer availability. Finally, Al undergoes oxidation via liquid boron oxide as well as gaseous oxygen. This study also underlines the crucial effect of the nanolayer morphology in the thin-film technology: when Al is sputter-deposited onto the TiB2 layer, Al ions penetrate into the grain boundaries penalizing TiB2 reactivity. The results demonstrate the advantages of using TiB2 fuel to improve the ignitability and the combustion performance of Al based thermite and offer some means to finely tune the energetic properties.
IOP Publishing
Research on preparation and high temperature resistance of primary explosive chromium azide
Lei Z., Yanlan W., Jianhua C., Rui Z., Fang Z.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series Open Access , 
2023-06-01,  citations by CoLab: 0 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
Abstract The research on novel high-temperature resistant primary explosives is an inevitable trend to adapt to the development of weapons. In this paper, high temperature resistant primary explosive cadmium azide was prepared from sodium azide and cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate by hydrothermal reaction. Then, the high-temperature storage performance was tested by cook-off test, and the influence of high temperature was analyzed in combination with microscopic morphology, crystal structure, and thermal decomposition temperature. The reliable ignition voltage was tested by electric ignition sensitivity, and the initiation performance of cadmium azide was verified by using CL-20 as secondary explosive. The results show that cadmium azide is an excellent high temperature resistant initiating agent primary explosive with the thermal decomposition temperature of 384.21°C and a 50% electric ignition voltage of 4.82 V, which can reliably initiate the CL-20 into complete detonation.

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Journals

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Journal of Applied Physics
Journal of Applied Physics, 5, 7.25%
Chemical Engineering Journal
Chemical Engineering Journal, 4, 5.8%
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology, 4, 5.8%
Micromachines
Micromachines, 3, 4.35%
Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical
Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical, 3, 4.35%
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 3, 4.35%
Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials, 2, 2.9%
Vacuum
Vacuum, 2, 2.9%
Combustion and Flame
Combustion and Flame, 2, 2.9%
Chemical Physics Letters
Chemical Physics Letters, 2, 2.9%
Energetic Materials Frontiers
Energetic Materials Frontiers, 2, 2.9%
Defence Technology
Defence Technology, 2, 2.9%
ACS Applied Energy Materials
ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2, 2.9%
FirePhysChem
FirePhysChem, 2, 2.9%
Applied Physics Letters
Applied Physics Letters, 1, 1.45%
Review of Scientific Instruments
Review of Scientific Instruments, 1, 1.45%
Journal of Propulsion and Power
Journal of Propulsion and Power, 1, 1.45%
Applied Sciences (Switzerland)
Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 1, 1.45%
Materials
Materials, 1, 1.45%
Molecules
Molecules, 1, 1.45%
Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials
Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 1, 1.45%
Applied Surface Science
Applied Surface Science, 1, 1.45%
Journal of Manufacturing Processes
Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 1, 1.45%
Journal of Cleaner Production
Journal of Cleaner Production, 1, 1.45%
Thermochimica Acta
Thermochimica Acta, 1, 1.45%
Thin Solid Films
Thin Solid Films, 1, 1.45%
Powder Technology
Powder Technology, 1, 1.45%
Advanced Engineering Materials
Advanced Engineering Materials, 1, 1.45%
Advanced Materials Interfaces
Advanced Materials Interfaces, 1, 1.45%
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Publishers

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Elsevier
Elsevier, 29, 42.03%
MDPI
MDPI, 8, 11.59%
AIP Publishing
AIP Publishing, 7, 10.14%
Wiley
Wiley, 6, 8.7%
American Chemical Society (ACS)
American Chemical Society (ACS), 6, 8.7%
IOP Publishing
IOP Publishing, 5, 7.25%
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2, 2.9%
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1, 1.45%
Springer Nature
Springer Nature, 1, 1.45%
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 1, 1.45%
Pleiades Publishing
Pleiades Publishing, 1, 1.45%
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis, 1, 1.45%
Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii
Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii, 1, 1.45%
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