Klotho is associated with VEGF receptor-2 and the transient receptor potential canonical-1 Ca ²⁺ channel to maintain endothelial integrity

Klotho is a circulating protein, and Klotho deficiency disturbs endothelial integrity, but the molecular mechanism is not fully clarified. We report that vascular endothelium in Klotho-deficient mice showed hyperpermeability with increased apoptosis and down-regulation of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin because of an increase in VEGF-mediated internal calcium concentration ([Ca ²⁺ ]i) influx and hyperactivation of Ca ²⁺ -dependent proteases. Immunohistochemical analysis, the pull-down assay using Klotho-fixed agarose, and FRET confocal imaging confirmed that Klotho protein binds directly to VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) and endothelial, transient-receptor potential canonical Ca ²⁺ channel 1 (TRPC-1) and strengthens the association to promote their cointernalization. An in vitro mutagenesis study revealed that the second hydrolase domain of Klotho interacts with sixth and seventh Ig domains of VEGFR-2 and the third extracellular loop of TRPC-1. In Klotho-deficient endothelial cells, VEGF-mediated internalization of the VEGFR-2/TRPC-1 complex was impaired, and surface TRPC-1 expression increased 2.2-fold; these effects were reversed by supplementation of Klotho protein. VEGF-mediated elevation of [Ca ²⁺ ]i was sustained at higher levels in an extracellular Ca ²⁺ -dependent manner, and normalization of TRCP-1 expression restored the abnormal [Ca ²⁺ ]i handling. These findings provide evidence that Klotho protein is associated with VEGFR-2/TRPC-1 in causing cointernalization, thus regulating TRPC-1–mediated Ca ²⁺ entry to maintain endothelial integrity.