Comparison of dimple tube with flat plate collector for solar water heater by using carbon nanofluid

Systems face challenges related to limited heat transfer efficiency and significant thermal losses, which reduce their overall performance. To address these issues, the proposed paper employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model and simulate the performance of a solar water heater integrated with a dimple tube design. The CFD is an investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics. The experimental results demonstrated that the CFD model achieves an analysis of collector efficiency ratio of 60.2%, an analysis of Nusselt number of 270, an analysis of friction factor of 0.31, and an analysis of the concerning pressure of 3.65.