The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and artificial intelligence in cognitive health of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: A narrative review

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder associated with significant neurocognitive and behavioral impairments. Recent studies have highlighted the role of gut microbiota and the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) in influencing cognitive health in children with OSA. This narrative review aims to summarize current knowledge on the relationship between gut microbiota, MGBA, and cognitive function in pediatric OSA. It also explores the potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning in advancing this field and identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Pediatric OSA is associated with gut dysbiosis, reduced microbial diversity, and metabolic disruptions. MGBA mechanisms, such as endocrine, immune, and neural pathways, link gut microbiota to cognitive outcomes. Artificial intelligence and machine learning methodologies offer promising tools to uncover microbial markers and mechanisms associated with cognitive deficits in OSA. Future research should focus on validating these findings through clinical trials and developing personalized therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota.