Worldwide relative smoking prevalence among people living with and without HIV

Objective and design: People living with HIV (PLH) suffer disproportionately from the chronic diseases exacerbated by smoking tobacco. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to establish the relative prevalence of smoking among PLH. Methods: We included observational studies reporting current smoking rates among PLH and comparators without HIV. We searched Medline, EMBASE, LILACS and SciELO from inception to 31 August 19. We excluded studies that recruited participants with smoking related illness. We used a random effects model to estimate the odds ratio for current smoking in PLH and people without HIV. We used the Newcastle--Ottawa scale to assess methodological bias. We performed subgroup analysis based on sex and WHO region. We quantified heterogeneity with meta-regression and predictive distributions. PROSPERO registration:CRD42016052608. Results: We identified 6116 studies and included 37. Of 111 258 PLH compared with 10 961 217 HIV-negative participants pooled odds of smoking were 1.64 [(95% confidence interval, 95% CI: 1.45–1.85) (95% prediction interval: 0.66–4.10, I2 = 98.1%)]. Odds for men and women living with HIV were 1.68 [(95% CI: 1.44–1.95) (95% prediction interval: 0.71–3.98, I2 = 91.1%)] and 2.16 [(95% CI: 1.77–2.63) (95% prediction interval: 0.92–5.07, I2 = 81.7%)] respectively. Conclusion: PLH are more likely to be smokers than people without HIV. This finding was true in subgroup analyses of men, women and in four of five WHO regions from which data were available. Meta-regression did not explain heterogeneity, which we attribute to the diversity of PLH populations worldwide. Smoking is a barrier to PLH achieving parity in life expectancy and an important covariate in studies of HIV-associated multimorbidity.