Reviews of Modern Physics, volume 78, issue 1, pages 217-274
Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications
3
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Quantum Electrical Metrology Division, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA and Millimetre-Wave Laboratory of Finland–Millilab, VTT, P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
|
Publication type: Journal Article
Publication date: 2006-03-17
Journal:
Reviews of Modern Physics
Quartile SCImago
Q1
Quartile WOS
Q1
Impact factor: 44.1
ISSN: 00346861, 15390756
General Physics and Astronomy
Abstract
This review presents an overview of the thermal properties of mesoscopic structures. The discussion is based on the concept of electron energy distribution, and, in particular, on controlling and probing it. The temperature of an electron gas is determined by this distribution: refrigeration is equivalent to narrowing it, and thermometry is probing its convolution with a function characterizing the measuring device. Temperature exists, strictly speaking, only in quasiequilibrium in which the distribution follows the Fermi-Dirac form. Interesting nonequilibrium deviations can occur due to slow relaxation rates of the electrons, e.g., among themselves or with lattice phonons. Observation and applications of nonequilibrium phenomena are also discussed. The focus in this paper is at low temperatures, primarily below 4 K, where physical phenomena on mesoscopic scales and hybrid combinations of various types of materials, e.g., superconductors, normal metals, insulators, and doped semiconductors, open up a rich variety of device concepts. This review starts with an introduction to theoretical concepts and experimental results on thermal properties of mesoscopic structures. Then thermometry and refrigeration are examined with an emphasis on experiments. An immediate application of solid-state refrigeration and thermometry is in ultrasensitive radiation detection, which is discussed in depth. This review concludes with a summary of pertinent fabrication methods of presented devices.
Top-30
Citations by journals
|
50
100
150
200
250
|
|
|
Physical Review B
233 publications, 25.75%
|
|
|
Applied Physics Letters
66 publications, 7.29%
|
|
|
Physical Review Letters
65 publications, 7.18%
|
|
|
Physical Review Applied
51 publications, 5.64%
|
|
|
Journal of Low Temperature Physics
27 publications, 2.98%
|
|
|
New Journal of Physics
24 publications, 2.65%
|
|
|
Scientific Reports
24 publications, 2.65%
|
|
|
Physical Review E
20 publications, 2.21%
|
|
|
Nature Communications
20 publications, 2.21%
|
|
|
Journal of Applied Physics
19 publications, 2.1%
|
|
|
Journal of Physics Condensed Matter
16 publications, 1.77%
|
|
|
Physical Review Research
15 publications, 1.66%
|
|
|
Physical Review A
13 publications, 1.44%
|
|
|
Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures
11 publications, 1.22%
|
|
|
Nature Physics
10 publications, 1.1%
|
|
|
Journal of Physics: Conference Series
10 publications, 1.1%
|
|
|
Nano Letters
10 publications, 1.1%
|
|
|
Nature Nanotechnology
9 publications, 0.99%
|
|
|
Superconductor Science and Technology
9 publications, 0.99%
|
|
|
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity
9 publications, 0.99%
|
|
|
JETP Letters
8 publications, 0.88%
|
|
|
Europhysics Letters
8 publications, 0.88%
|
|
|
Journal of Chemical Physics
7 publications, 0.77%
|
|
|
AIP Advances
6 publications, 0.66%
|
|
|
Reviews of Modern Physics
6 publications, 0.66%
|
|
|
European Physical Journal: Special Topics
6 publications, 0.66%
|
|
|
Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications
6 publications, 0.66%
|
|
|
Review of Scientific Instruments
5 publications, 0.55%
|
|
|
Entropy
5 publications, 0.55%
|
|
|
50
100
150
200
250
|
Citations by publishers
|
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
|
|
|
American Physical Society (APS)
410 publications, 45.3%
|
|
|
Springer Nature
129 publications, 14.25%
|
|
|
American Institute of Physics (AIP)
106 publications, 11.71%
|
|
|
IOP Publishing
96 publications, 10.61%
|
|
|
Elsevier
51 publications, 5.64%
|
|
|
IEEE
17 publications, 1.88%
|
|
|
American Chemical Society (ACS)
16 publications, 1.77%
|
|
|
Wiley
11 publications, 1.22%
|
|
|
Pleiades Publishing
10 publications, 1.1%
|
|
|
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
10 publications, 1.1%
|
|
|
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
6 publications, 0.66%
|
|
|
Japan Society of Applied Physics
5 publications, 0.55%
|
|
|
American Vacuum Society
4 publications, 0.44%
|
|
|
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
3 publications, 0.33%
|
|
|
EDP Sciences
2 publications, 0.22%
|
|
|
The Royal Society
2 publications, 0.22%
|
|
|
Physical Society of Japan
2 publications, 0.22%
|
|
|
Beilstein-Institut
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
SAGE
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
Science in China Press
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
Materials Research Society
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
Cellule MathDoc/CEDRAM
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
Taylor & Francis
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
Chinese Physical Society
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
Hindawi Limited
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
Verein zur Forderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
Annual Reviews
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
Maruzen Co., Ltd/Maruzen Kabushikikaisha
1 publication, 0.11%
|
|
|
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
|
- We do not take into account publications without a DOI.
- Statistics recalculated only for publications connected to researchers, organizations and labs registered on the platform.
- Statistics recalculated weekly.
{"yearsCitations":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":[2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"ids":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"codes":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"imageUrls":["","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","",""],"datasets":[{"label":"Citations number","data":[11,30,22,41,34,34,45,59,62,51,65,54,69,62,65,61,55,40,45],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":["1.22","3.31","2.43","4.53","3.76","3.76","4.97","6.52","6.85","5.64","7.18","5.97","7.62","6.85","7.18","6.74","6.08","4.42","4.97"],"barThickness":null}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"x","maintainAspectRatio":true,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":1,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Citations per year","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"journals":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":["Physical Review B","Applied Physics Letters","Physical Review Letters","Physical Review Applied","Journal of Low Temperature Physics","New Journal of Physics","Scientific Reports","Physical Review E","Nature Communications","Journal of Applied Physics","Journal of Physics Condensed Matter","Physical Review Research","Physical Review A","Physica E: Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures","Nature Physics","Journal of Physics: Conference Series","Nano Letters","Nature Nanotechnology","Superconductor Science and Technology","IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity","JETP Letters","Europhysics Letters","Journal of Chemical Physics","AIP Advances","Reviews of Modern Physics","European Physical Journal: Special Topics","Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications","Review of Scientific Instruments","Entropy"],"ids":[25280,4202,4343,15438,19063,431,13767,12743,3231,11951,4579,26813,12492,13603,14887,3333,10312,337,5941,14501,5735,16701,544,6512,7721,10822,13979,10899,2366],"codes":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"imageUrls":["\/storage\/images\/resized\/nrK64iXHTzj43wMrfN1ZoUQ0vanswGzWPN45K3jA_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/nrK64iXHTzj43wMrfN1ZoUQ0vanswGzWPN45K3jA_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/nrK64iXHTzj43wMrfN1ZoUQ0vanswGzWPN45K3jA_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/LsKy6OnmmmRGcAU6CZgWQvNiP1polbaSLNrN7zqj_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/nrK64iXHTzj43wMrfN1ZoUQ0vanswGzWPN45K3jA_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/LsKy6OnmmmRGcAU6CZgWQvNiP1polbaSLNrN7zqj_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/nrK64iXHTzj43wMrfN1ZoUQ0vanswGzWPN45K3jA_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/nrK64iXHTzj43wMrfN1ZoUQ0vanswGzWPN45K3jA_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/LsKy6OnmmmRGcAU6CZgWQvNiP1polbaSLNrN7zqj_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/iLiQsFqFaSEx6chlGQ5fbAwF6VYU3WWa08hkss0g_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/LsKy6OnmmmRGcAU6CZgWQvNiP1polbaSLNrN7zqj_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/6scCJegesojp2jubwY3uKCzTAmgsaH2GIFlg6Hfk_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/oZgeErrVFhuDksyqFURLvYS1wtVSBWczh001igGo_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/LsKy6OnmmmRGcAU6CZgWQvNiP1polbaSLNrN7zqj_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/nrK64iXHTzj43wMrfN1ZoUQ0vanswGzWPN45K3jA_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp"],"datasets":[{"label":"","data":[233,66,65,51,27,24,24,20,20,19,16,15,13,11,10,10,10,9,9,9,8,8,7,6,6,6,6,5,5],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":[25.75,7.29,7.18,5.64,2.98,2.65,2.65,2.21,2.21,2.1,1.77,1.66,1.44,1.22,1.1,1.1,1.1,0.99,0.99,0.99,0.88,0.88,0.77,0.66,0.66,0.66,0.66,0.55,0.55],"barThickness":13}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"y","maintainAspectRatio":false,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":null,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Journals","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"publishers":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":["American Physical Society (APS)","Springer Nature","American Institute of Physics (AIP)","IOP Publishing","Elsevier","IEEE","American Chemical Society (ACS)","Wiley","Pleiades Publishing","Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","Japan Society of Applied Physics","American Vacuum Society","American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","EDP Sciences","The Royal Society","Physical Society of Japan","Beilstein-Institut","American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)","SAGE","Science in China Press","Materials Research Society","Cellule MathDoc\/CEDRAM","Taylor & Francis","Chinese Physical Society","Hindawi Limited","Verein zur Forderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften","Annual Reviews","Maruzen Co., Ltd\/Maruzen Kabushikikaisha"],"ids":[1539,8,250,2075,17,6953,40,11,101,202,123,804,4511,189,76,259,7495,6139,1105,31,6481,6898,7954,18,3809,6921,7174,6941,100],"codes":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"imageUrls":["\/storage\/images\/resized\/nrK64iXHTzj43wMrfN1ZoUQ0vanswGzWPN45K3jA_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/LsKy6OnmmmRGcAU6CZgWQvNiP1polbaSLNrN7zqj_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/6scCJegesojp2jubwY3uKCzTAmgsaH2GIFlg6Hfk_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/iLiQsFqFaSEx6chlGQ5fbAwF6VYU3WWa08hkss0g_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/oZgeErrVFhuDksyqFURLvYS1wtVSBWczh001igGo_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/leiAYcRDGTSl5B1eCnwpSGqmDEUEfDPPoYisFGhT_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/wFULTOy1QTD7DkRFxasdNYr8tnVZXl2nkWAWWTzz_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/uCIAsivcf0PwzbBKNlcVk4osRd48viDZSveDRvyx_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/s10mcsCV4OAUg9O2KrqOquQC0PhyLMI8hUUkuflM_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/7GcDgL5Sa2zewDk4sRy4fs0GznbYZIsSV9wqMs28_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/BHBStD1OkQqtKFRRjS5njgNe7bXCAEgaDQVK7GTA_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/7MOa0u0KYFOi3YGCBSKK6LlpUlTzW66O9Mu1nbvH_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ex6KJoZujZOZFZh7jGfeHauiftuB3CI7iwJVFRDg_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/dNQOYHvIACt44mXXDuVTxtC90m3vLvHx5I198cDe_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ruydfaB80LDjlkYqsfOeUAZohOIODyq7bQzis5O7_medium.webp","","\/storage\/images\/resized\/uIgdLKrr5j2RcUZqeCI5v4KcXsLbz9m8NVJHai5O_medium.webp","","\/storage\/images\/resized\/5YZtvLvkPZuc2JHOaZsjCvGSHFCuC3drUwN3YAc5_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/uHl9M7oE4uFd6rEwxtu87cdHS4Etul2pdLbot8Qu_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/hqfzhQAjTGlNSRs6yzFNITgjSMm9Jr2QuotJHIvE_medium.webp","","\/storage\/images\/resized\/A7oGMwx1m3fFJlKJvQUVra8h0itmEa7JZW0q3Q0b_medium.webp",""],"datasets":[{"label":"","data":[410,129,106,96,51,17,16,11,10,10,6,5,4,3,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":[45.3,14.25,11.71,10.61,5.64,1.88,1.77,1.22,1.1,1.1,0.66,0.55,0.44,0.33,0.22,0.22,0.22,0.11,0.11,0.11,0.11,0.11,0.11,0.11,0.11,0.11,0.11,0.11,0.11],"barThickness":13}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"y","maintainAspectRatio":false,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":null,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Publishers","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"yearsCitationsQuartiles":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":[2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"ids":[],"codes":[],"imageUrls":[],"datasets":[{"label":"Q4","backgroundColor":"rgb(221,90,78)","data":[0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,2,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,0],"percentage":["0","0","0","0","0.11","0","0","0","0.22","0","0","0.11","0.22","0","0","0","0","0","0"]},{"label":"Q3","backgroundColor":"rgb(251, 163,83)","data":[1,0,0,0,0,1,2,3,0,1,1,3,1,3,1,0,0,4,0],"percentage":["0.11","0","0","0","0","0.11","0.22","0.33","0","0.11","0.11","0.33","0.11","0.33","0.11","0","0","0.44","0"]},{"label":"Q2","backgroundColor":"rgb(232, 213, 89)","data":[2,5,3,14,9,3,8,10,14,13,19,4,14,12,9,14,16,3,9],"percentage":["0.22","0.55","0.33","1.55","0.99","0.33","0.88","1.1","1.55","1.44","2.1","0.44","1.55","1.33","0.99","1.55","1.77","0.33","0.99"]},{"label":"Q1","backgroundColor":"rgb(164, 207, 99)","data":[8,23,19,23,23,30,33,42,43,35,44,46,43,46,51,45,38,31,34],"percentage":["0.88","2.54","2.1","2.54","2.54","3.31","3.65","4.64","4.75","3.87","4.86","5.08","4.75","5.08","5.64","4.97","4.2","3.43","3.76"]},{"label":"Quartile not defined","backgroundColor":"#E5E7EB","data":[0,2,0,4,1,0,2,4,3,2,1,0,9,1,4,2,1,2,2],"percentage":["0","0.22","0","0.44","0.11","0","0.22","0.44","0.33","0.22","0.11","0","0.99","0.11","0.44","0.22","0.11","0.22","0.22"]}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"x","maintainAspectRatio":true,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":1,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Citations quartiles by SCImago per year","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"yearsCitationsQuartilesWs":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":[2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"ids":[],"codes":[],"imageUrls":[],"datasets":[{"label":"Q4","backgroundColor":"rgb(221,90,78)","data":[1,0,0,1,2,2,2,1,0,4,3,4,2,3,3,1,1,1,2],"percentage":["0.11","0","0","0.11","0.22","0.22","0.22","0.11","0","0.44","0.33","0.44","0.22","0.33","0.33","0.11","0.11","0.11","0.22"]},{"label":"Q3","backgroundColor":"rgb(251, 163,83)","data":[2,2,2,9,3,2,4,9,9,7,8,3,8,4,2,9,9,4,6],"percentage":["0.22","0.22","0.22","0.99","0.33","0.22","0.44","0.99","0.99","0.77","0.88","0.33","0.88","0.44","0.22","0.99","0.99","0.44","0.66"]},{"label":"Q2","backgroundColor":"rgb(232, 213, 89)","data":[5,17,12,17,17,26,26,40,37,28,36,35,32,37,32,32,29,24,16],"percentage":["0.55","1.88","1.33","1.88","1.88","2.87","2.87","4.42","4.09","3.09","3.98","3.87","3.54","4.09","3.54","3.54","3.2","2.65","1.77"]},{"label":"Q1","backgroundColor":"rgb(164, 207, 99)","data":[3,9,8,10,10,4,10,5,11,10,17,12,15,15,20,14,15,5,14],"percentage":["0.33","0.99","0.88","1.1","1.1","0.44","1.1","0.55","1.22","1.1","1.88","1.33","1.66","1.66","2.21","1.55","1.66","0.55","1.55"]},{"label":"Quartile not defined","backgroundColor":"#E5E7EB","data":[0,2,0,4,2,0,3,4,5,2,1,0,12,3,8,5,1,6,7],"percentage":["0","0.22","0","0.44","0.22","0","0.33","0.44","0.55","0.22","0.11","0","1.33","0.33","0.88","0.55","0.11","0.66","0.77"]}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"x","maintainAspectRatio":true,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":1,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Citations quartiles by WoS per year","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}}}
Are you a researcher?
Create a profile to get free access to personal recommendations for colleagues and new articles.
Metrics
Cite this
GOST |
RIS |
BibTex |
MLA
Cite this
GOST
Copy
Giazotto F. et al. Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications // Reviews of Modern Physics. 2006. Vol. 78. No. 1. pp. 217-274.
GOST all authors (up to 50)
Copy
Giazotto F., Heikkilä T., Luukanen A., Savin A. M., Pekola J. Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications // Reviews of Modern Physics. 2006. Vol. 78. No. 1. pp. 217-274.
Cite this
RIS
Copy
TY - JOUR
DO - 10.1103/RevModPhys.78.217
UR - https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.217
TI - Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications
T2 - Reviews of Modern Physics
AU - Giazotto, F.
AU - Heikkilä, Tero
AU - Luukanen, Arttu
AU - Savin, Alexander M.
AU - Pekola, J.P.
PY - 2006
DA - 2006/03/17
PB - American Physical Society (APS)
SP - 217-274
IS - 1
VL - 78
SN - 0034-6861
SN - 1539-0756
ER -
Cite this
BibTex
Copy
@article{2006_Giazotto,
author = {F. Giazotto and Tero Heikkilä and Arttu Luukanen and Alexander M. Savin and J.P. Pekola},
title = {Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications},
journal = {Reviews of Modern Physics},
year = {2006},
volume = {78},
publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)},
month = {mar},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.217},
number = {1},
pages = {217--274},
doi = {10.1103/RevModPhys.78.217}
}
Cite this
MLA
Copy
Giazotto, F., et al. “Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications.” Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 78, no. 1, Mar. 2006, pp. 217-274. https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.217.
Profiles