IEEE Electron Device Letters, volume 42, issue 8, pages 1196-1199

Thin-Film Photodetector Optimization for High-Performance Short-Wavelength Infrared Imaging

Vladimir Pejović ^{1, 2}

Jiwon Lee ¹

Epimitheas Georgitzikis ¹

Yunlong Li ¹

Joo Hyoung Kim ¹

Itai Lieberman ¹

Pawel E Malinowski ¹

Paul Heremans ^{1, 2}

David Cheyns ¹

Hide authors affiliations Show authors affiliations: 2 affiliations

IMEC, Leuven, Belgium |

Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium |

Publication type: Journal Article

Publication date: 2021-08-01

IEEE

Journal: IEEE Electron Device Letters

Quartile SCImago

Quartile WOS

Impact factor: 4.9

ISSN: 07413106, 15580563

DOI: 10.1109/led.2021.3093081

Copy DOI

Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials

Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Abstract

In this letter, we present a small pixel pitch image sensor optimized for high external quantum efficiency in short-wavelength infrared (SWIR). Thin-film photodiodes based on PbS colloidal quantum dot (CQD) absorber allow us to exceed the spectral limitations of silicon’s absorption while maintaining the benefits of CMOS technology. By monolithically integrating PbS CDQ thin films with CMOS readout arrays, high-pixel density SWIR image sensors can be achieved. To overcome the remaining disadvantages of the CQD-based image sensors over their bulk III-V semiconductor counterparts (lower sensitivity and reduced linearity), the thin-film photodiode stack is adapted towards the used readout circuit. A prototype image sensor with a

$768\times 512$

resolution of 5-

$\mu \text{m}$

pitch pixels is fabricated by using a modified 130 nm CMOS process for readout IC, together with the new CQD thin-film photodiode on top. Thanks to the optimized photodiode stack and co-integration process, the prototype image sensor shows less than 5% linearity error while having 40% external quantum efficiency in SWIR, which enables acquisition of high-quality images.

By date By citations

Top-30

Citations by journals

	1 2 3 4 5
IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices	IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 5, 13.51% IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 5 publications, 13.51%
ACS Photonics	ACS Photonics, 2, 5.41% ACS Photonics 2 publications, 5.41%
Advanced Materials	Advanced Materials, 2, 5.41% Advanced Materials 2 publications, 5.41%
IEEE Electron Device Letters	IEEE Electron Device Letters, 2, 5.41% IEEE Electron Device Letters 2 publications, 5.41%
Coatings	Coatings, 1, 2.7% Coatings 1 publication, 2.7%
Nature Electronics	Nature Electronics, 1, 2.7% Nature Electronics 1 publication, 2.7%
Reports on Progress in Physics	Reports on Progress in Physics, 1, 2.7% Reports on Progress in Physics 1 publication, 2.7%
Journal of the Society for Information Display	Journal of the Society for Information Display, 1, 2.7% Journal of the Society for Information Display 1 publication, 2.7%
Applied Optics	Applied Optics, 1, 2.7% Applied Optics 1 publication, 2.7%
Nano Letters	Nano Letters, 1, 2.7% Nano Letters 1 publication, 2.7%
Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters	Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 1, 2.7% Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 1 publication, 2.7%
Nanoscale	Nanoscale, 1, 2.7% Nanoscale 1 publication, 2.7%
APL Photonics	APL Photonics, 1, 2.7% APL Photonics 1 publication, 2.7%
ACS applied materials & interfaces	ACS applied materials & interfaces, 1, 2.7% ACS applied materials & interfaces 1 publication, 2.7%
Science advances	Science advances, 1, 2.7% Science advances 1 publication, 2.7%
Microelectronics Journal	Microelectronics Journal, 1, 2.7% Microelectronics Journal 1 publication, 2.7%
SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers	SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 1, 2.7% SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 1 publication, 2.7%
Sensors	Sensors, 1, 2.7% Sensors 1 publication, 2.7%
Applied Physics Letters	Applied Physics Letters, 1, 2.7% Applied Physics Letters 1 publication, 2.7%
Advanced Science	Advanced Science, 1, 2.7% Advanced Science 1 publication, 2.7%
InfoMat	InfoMat, 1, 2.7% InfoMat 1 publication, 2.7%
Chemical Communications	Chemical Communications, 1, 2.7% Chemical Communications 1 publication, 2.7%
Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation	Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 1, 2.7% Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation 1 publication, 2.7%
Russian Chemical Reviews	Russian Chemical Reviews, 1, 2.7% Russian Chemical Reviews 1 publication, 2.7%
Optics and Laser Technology	Optics and Laser Technology, 1, 2.7% Optics and Laser Technology 1 publication, 2.7%
Nano Research	Nano Research, 1, 2.7% Nano Research 1 publication, 2.7%
	1 2 3 4 5

Citations by publishers

	1 2 3 4 5 6 7
IEEE	IEEE, 7, 18.92% IEEE 7 publications, 18.92%
Wiley	Wiley, 6, 16.22% Wiley 6 publications, 16.22%
American Chemical Society (ACS)	American Chemical Society (ACS), 5, 13.51% American Chemical Society (ACS) 5 publications, 13.51%
Elsevier	Elsevier, 3, 8.11% Elsevier 3 publications, 8.11%
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2, 5.41% Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2 publications, 5.41%
Springer Nature	Springer Nature, 2, 5.41% Springer Nature 2 publications, 5.41%
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)	Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2, 5.41% Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 2 publications, 5.41%
American Institute of Physics (AIP)	American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2, 5.41% American Institute of Physics (AIP) 2 publications, 5.41%
IOP Publishing	IOP Publishing, 1, 2.7% IOP Publishing 1 publication, 2.7%
Optical Society of America	Optical Society of America, 1, 2.7% Optical Society of America 1 publication, 2.7%
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)	American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 1, 2.7% American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) 1 publication, 2.7%
Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii	Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii, 1, 2.7% Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii 1 publication, 2.7%
SPIE	SPIE, 1, 2.7% SPIE 1 publication, 2.7%
	1 2 3 4 5 6 7

We do not take into account publications without a DOI.
Statistics recalculated only for publications connected to researchers, organizations and labs registered on the platform.
Statistics recalculated weekly.

{"yearsCitations":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":[2022,2023,2024,2025],"ids":[0,0,0,0],"codes":[0,0,0,0],"imageUrls":["","","",""],"datasets":[{"label":"Citations number","data":[14,15,7,1],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":["37.84","40.54","18.92","2.7"],"barThickness":null}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"x","maintainAspectRatio":true,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":1,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Citations per year","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"journals":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":["IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices","ACS Photonics","Advanced Materials","IEEE Electron Device Letters","Coatings","Nature Electronics","Reports on Progress in Physics","Journal of the Society for Information Display","Applied Optics","Nano Letters","Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters","Nanoscale","APL Photonics","ACS applied materials & interfaces","Science advances","Microelectronics Journal","SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers","Sensors","Applied Physics Letters","Advanced Science","InfoMat","Chemical Communications","Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation","Russian Chemical Reviews","Optics and Laser Technology","Nano Research"],"ids":[25183,12730,25159,5727,24427,16523,9609,23447,7119,10312,21963,228,18505,1458,23003,3356,26372,18435,4202,4130,25964,9073,858,23802,8155,12211],"codes":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"imageUrls":["\/storage\/images\/resized\/6scCJegesojp2jubwY3uKCzTAmgsaH2GIFlg6Hfk_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/iLiQsFqFaSEx6chlGQ5fbAwF6VYU3WWa08hkss0g_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/6scCJegesojp2jubwY3uKCzTAmgsaH2GIFlg6Hfk_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/LsKy6OnmmmRGcAU6CZgWQvNiP1polbaSLNrN7zqj_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bypZPcr6C4twKiQVCUCGc0GF4cH6aUWmpClD3hsH_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/iLiQsFqFaSEx6chlGQ5fbAwF6VYU3WWa08hkss0g_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/iLiQsFqFaSEx6chlGQ5fbAwF6VYU3WWa08hkss0g_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/leiAYcRDGTSl5B1eCnwpSGqmDEUEfDPPoYisFGhT_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/iLiQsFqFaSEx6chlGQ5fbAwF6VYU3WWa08hkss0g_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/s10mcsCV4OAUg9O2KrqOquQC0PhyLMI8hUUkuflM_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/leiAYcRDGTSl5B1eCnwpSGqmDEUEfDPPoYisFGhT_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/9Mus3KG1Tkd7Bwaurt8H3RwWh0CxRlGoO6ng9UK1_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp"],"datasets":[{"label":"","data":[5,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":[13.51,5.41,5.41,5.41,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7],"barThickness":13}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"y","maintainAspectRatio":false,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":null,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Journals","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"publishers":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":["IEEE","Wiley","American Chemical Society (ACS)","Elsevier","Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","Springer Nature","Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)","American Institute of Physics (AIP)","IOP Publishing","Optical Society of America","American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii","SPIE"],"ids":[6953,11,40,17,202,8,123,250,2075,375,189,9422,7162],"codes":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"imageUrls":["\/storage\/images\/resized\/6scCJegesojp2jubwY3uKCzTAmgsaH2GIFlg6Hfk_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/iLiQsFqFaSEx6chlGQ5fbAwF6VYU3WWa08hkss0g_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/leiAYcRDGTSl5B1eCnwpSGqmDEUEfDPPoYisFGhT_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/LsKy6OnmmmRGcAU6CZgWQvNiP1polbaSLNrN7zqj_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bypZPcr6C4twKiQVCUCGc0GF4cH6aUWmpClD3hsH_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/s10mcsCV4OAUg9O2KrqOquQC0PhyLMI8hUUkuflM_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/9Mus3KG1Tkd7Bwaurt8H3RwWh0CxRlGoO6ng9UK1_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/DBpVkewJngs3BK2gVqHayOcCZf2Czbxddw6ObU26_medium.webp"],"datasets":[{"label":"","data":[7,6,5,3,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":[18.92,16.22,13.51,8.11,5.41,5.41,5.41,5.41,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7,2.7],"barThickness":13}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"y","maintainAspectRatio":false,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":null,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Publishers","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"yearsCitationsQuartiles":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":[2022,2023,2024,2025],"ids":[],"codes":[],"imageUrls":[],"datasets":[{"label":"Q4","backgroundColor":"rgb(221,90,78)","data":[0,0,0,0],"percentage":["0","0","0","0"]},{"label":"Q3","backgroundColor":"rgb(251, 163,83)","data":[0,0,0,0],"percentage":["0","0","0","0"]},{"label":"Q2","backgroundColor":"rgb(232, 213, 89)","data":[4,4,1,0],"percentage":["10.81","10.81","2.7","0"]},{"label":"Q1","backgroundColor":"rgb(164, 207, 99)","data":[7,10,5,1],"percentage":["18.92","27.03","13.51","2.7"]},{"label":"Quartile not defined","backgroundColor":"#E5E7EB","data":[3,1,1,0],"percentage":["8.11","2.7","2.7","0"]}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"x","maintainAspectRatio":true,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":1,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Citations quartiles by SCImago per year","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"yearsCitationsQuartilesWs":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":[2022,2023,2024,2025],"ids":[],"codes":[],"imageUrls":[],"datasets":[{"label":"Q4","backgroundColor":"rgb(221,90,78)","data":[0,0,0,0],"percentage":["0","0","0","0"]},{"label":"Q3","backgroundColor":"rgb(251, 163,83)","data":[1,2,0,0],"percentage":["2.7","5.41","0","0"]},{"label":"Q2","backgroundColor":"rgb(232, 213, 89)","data":[4,5,2,0],"percentage":["10.81","13.51","5.41","0"]},{"label":"Q1","backgroundColor":"rgb(164, 207, 99)","data":[6,7,4,1],"percentage":["16.22","18.92","10.81","2.7"]},{"label":"Quartile not defined","backgroundColor":"#E5E7EB","data":[3,1,1,0],"percentage":["8.11","2.7","2.7","0"]}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"x","maintainAspectRatio":true,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":1,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Citations quartiles by WoS per year","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}}}

Are you a researcher?

Create a profile to get free access to personal recommendations for colleagues and new articles.

Metrics

Cite this

GOST |

Cite this

GOST Copy

Pejović V. et al. Thin-Film Photodetector Optimization for High-Performance Short-Wavelength Infrared Imaging // IEEE Electron Device Letters. 2021. Vol. 42. No. 8. pp. 1196-1199.

GOST all authors (up to 50) Copy

Pejović V., Lee J., Georgitzikis E., Li Y., Kim J. H., Lieberman I., Malinowski P. E., Heremans P., Cheyns D. Thin-Film Photodetector Optimization for High-Performance Short-Wavelength Infrared Imaging // IEEE Electron Device Letters. 2021. Vol. 42. No. 8. pp. 1196-1199.

RIS |

Cite this

RIS Copy

TY - JOUR

DO - 10.1109/led.2021.3093081

UR - https://doi.org/10.1109/led.2021.3093081

TI - Thin-Film Photodetector Optimization for High-Performance Short-Wavelength Infrared Imaging

T2 - IEEE Electron Device Letters

AU - Pejović, Vladimir

AU - Lee, Jiwon

AU - Georgitzikis, Epimitheas

AU - Li, Yunlong

AU - Kim, Joo Hyoung

AU - Lieberman, Itai

AU - Malinowski, Pawel E

AU - Heremans, Paul

AU - Cheyns, David

PY - 2021

DA - 2021/08/01 00:00:00

PB - IEEE

SP - 1196-1199

IS - 8

VL - 42

SN - 0741-3106

SN - 1558-0563

ER -

BibTex |

Cite this

BibTex Copy

@article{2021_Pejović,

author = {Vladimir Pejović and Jiwon Lee and Epimitheas Georgitzikis and Yunlong Li and Joo Hyoung Kim and Itai Lieberman and Pawel E Malinowski and Paul Heremans and David Cheyns},

title = {Thin-Film Photodetector Optimization for High-Performance Short-Wavelength Infrared Imaging},

journal = {IEEE Electron Device Letters},

year = {2021},

volume = {42},

publisher = {IEEE},

month = {aug},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/led.2021.3093081},

number = {8},

pages = {1196--1199},

doi = {10.1109/led.2021.3093081}

}

MLA

Cite this

MLA Copy

Pejović, Vladimir, et al. “Thin-Film Photodetector Optimization for High-Performance Short-Wavelength Infrared Imaging.” IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 42, no. 8, Aug. 2021, pp. 1196-1199. https://doi.org/10.1109/led.2021.3093081.

Found error?

Publisher

IEEE

Journal

IEEE Electron Device Letters

Quartile SCImago

Quartile WOS

Impact factor

4.9

ISSN

07413106 (Print)
15580563 (Electronic)