Interleukin-34 levels in gingival crevicular fluid and plasma in periodontal health and disease with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and correlate the levels of interleukin-34 (IL-34) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM).A total of 175 patients were divided into five groups: (a) group I had 35 periodontally-healthy patients; (b) group II had 35 chronic gingivitis patients; (c) group III had 35 CP patients without type-2 DM; (d) group IV had 35 CP patients with type-2 DM; and (e) group V had 35 type-2 DM patients without CP. The GCF and plasma levels of IL-34 were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical and systemic parameters, such as gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and glycated hemoglobin levels, were evaluated.The mean IL-34 concentration in GCF and plasma was highest for group IV, followed by groups III, V, and II, and lowest in group I. The difference between them was statistically significant (P < .05). There was a positive correlation between IL-34 concentration in GCF and plasma in the study groups, with the exception of group I, for which there was a negative correlation.IL-34 can be considered a possible GCF and plasma inflammatory biomarker of periodontal disease progression and DM.