Intelligent Power Supply System with Power Transmission via Optical Fiber

Garkushin A.A., Krishtop V.V., Volkhin I.L., Rasulev R.P., Nifontova E.V., Kadochikov I.V., Maksimenko V.A., Perminov A.V., Shevtsov D.I.

Garkushin A.A., Krishtop V.V., Maksimenko V.A., Garipova M.A., Milyukov N.S., Trapeznikov K.D., Nifontova E.V., Zueva P.V.

A review of the promising and developing Power-over-Fiber technology - the transmission of high-power energy via optical fiber to remote consumers was carried out. The advantages of this technology, as well as its possible application in fire and explosion hazardous production, are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of developing precision measuring systems based on PoF technology are presented. It is noted that PoF technology is becoming more and more in demand in the field of power supply of telecommunications and IT systems.

Ovchinnikov K.A., Gilev D.G., Krishtop V.V., Drozdov I.R., Konstantinov Y.A., Belokrylov M.E., Turov A.T., Barkov F.L.

Polarization maintaining fibers (PMF) are used in various fields of photonics and telecommunications, so the study of the propagation of optical radiation in such fibers and the determination of the parameters of these fibers is an important task. Therefore, for example, to work with a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, it is important to know the time delay or the difference in arm lengths. One of the methods that solve this problem is optical frequency domain reflectometry, which has a high spatial resolution, sensitivity, and measurement speed. A new method for determining the difference in the lengths of PMF during measurements by the method of optical reflectometry in the frequency domain is presented. If the fibers under study are adjusted at an angle of 45° to the optical axes of the output fibers of the reflectometer, then the detected signal exhibits beat frequencies caused by intermode interference of light fields with orthogonal polarizations. The beat frequencies obtained by analyzing the detected signal contain information about the delay time and the total length of the studied optical fibers. A model is proposed that explains the physical nature of the occurrence of beat frequencies, demonstrates the high accuracy of agreement between numerical calculations and experimental results, and shows the influence of certain parameters on the position and magnitude of these frequencies on the reflectogram. To improve the accuracy of determining the parameters of the studied optical fibers, various methods were used to compensate for the nonlinearity of the laser tuning using an asymmetric interferometer.

Gilev D.G., Ovchinnikov K.A., Krishtop V.V., Chuvyzgalov A.A.

Fiber-optic ring resonators can be used in various fields of science and technology as miniature sensors and sensors of physical quantities: an optoelectronic generator, a temperature and pressure sensor, biosensors, an angular rate sensor, etc. To determine the operating parameters of a measuring sensor, it is necessary to measure the resonant parameters with an acceptable accuracy. These parameters are free spectral range (FSR), width at half maximum (FWHM), finesse (F) and quality factor (Q-factor).We have fabricated and investigated resonators, each of which is a closed fiber cavity of two fused couplers. The authors managed to reduce the error caused by the nonlinearity by using a reference asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer and applying the Hilbert transforms. Synchronous measurement of the resonant spectrum and the beat signal coming from the interferometer during tuning of the laser center frequency and subsequent signal processing in a mathematical package made it possible to reduce the relative measurement error of the resonator performance parameters from 15 to 0.5%. This technique makes it possible to measure not only operating parameters with good accuracy, but also to record the change in these parameters, which improves the accuracy of detectors and sensors based on optical resonators.

Fafard S., Masson D.P.

High-efficiency multijunction laser power converters are demonstrated for low temperature applications with an optical input at 808 nm. The photovoltaic power converting III-V semiconductor devices are designed with GaAs absorbing layers, here with 5 thin subcells (PT5), connected by transparent tunnel junctions. Unprecedented conversion efficiencies of up to 74.7% are measured at temperatures around 150 K. At temperatures around 77 K, a remarkably low bandgap offset value of Woc = 71 mV is obtained at an optical input intensity of ~7 W/cm2. At 77 K, the PT5 retains an efficiency of 65% with up to 0.3 W of converted output power.

Chen Y., Silvestri L., Lei X., Ladouceur F.

We present an optically powered, intrinsically safe gas monitoring system to measure four essential environmental gases (CH4, CO2, CO and O2), together with ambient temperature and pressure, for underground mines. The system is based on three key technologies developed at UNSW: (1) power-over-fibre (PoF) at 1550 nm using a single industry-standard, low-cost single-mode fibre (SMF) for both power delivery and information transmission, (2) liquid–crystal-based optical transducers for optical telemetry, and (3) ultra-low power consumption design of all electronics. Together, this approach allows each gas monitoring station to operate with less than 150 mW of optical power, meeting the intrinsic safety requirements specified by the IEC60079-28 standard. A 2-month field trial at BMA’s Broadmeadow underground mine proved the cabling compatibility to the mine’s existing optical network and the stability of the system performance. Compared with conventional electrically powered gas sensors, this technology bypasses the usual roadblocks of underground gas monitoring where electrical power is either unsafe or unavailable. Furthermore, using one fibre for both power delivery and communication enables longer distance coverage, reduces optical cabling and increases multiplexing possibilities and data throughput for better awareness of underground environment.

Andrianov S.N., Kalachev A.A., Kochneva J.Y., Shindyaev O.P., Shkalikov A.V.

A study is performed of the technological processes for manufacturing fibers with short tapered regions for the new generation of optical microphones using the electrical discharge technique. The experimental use of a technique for manufacturing nanofibers with given parameters on a facility with specialized capabilities is described. Aspects of the transmission of radiation through such tapered fibers in the field of an acoustic wave are studied experimentally. The optimum parameters of tapered fibers for creating high-performance optical microphones are determined theoretically.

Helmers H., Armbruster C., von Ravenstein M., Derix D., Schoner C.

This article demonstrates a fiber-based power-by-light system that is capable of delivering up to 6.2 W of continuous electrical power at common voltages of 3.3 and 5 V. This optical link includes bidirectional optical communication, for which the data stream from the base to the remote unit is realized by amplitude modulation of the laser beam over the same fiber. At the remote unit, a gallium arsenide-based photovoltaic (PV) laser power converter receives and converts the light. The data are demodulated with a dedicated electric circuit, while the power is forwarded to a dc-dc boost converter. The optical data uplink is realized over a separate optical fiber. In operation, a PV conversion efficiency of above 50% has been measured. For downlink data rates up to 115.2 kb/s, unperturbed signal integrities are demonstrated, at higher data rates, the signal integrity deteriorates. An assessment of power budget and power losses in the overall system is presented. Finally, a smart power management concept is introduced, which controls the laser output power with respect to changing electrical load, optimizes the operating point of the PV cell, and, thus, increases system efficiency for varying load operation. Thereby, it also minimizes laser and PV cell operating temperatures, and eventually prolongs the lifetime of the system.

Lebedev V.F., Pavlov K.V., Fedina M.A., Fedin A.V.

A compact laser system based on a Nd:YAG laser with self-phase conjugation for the remote analysis of substances via laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is proposed. The possibility of creating a reliable system for the remote diagnostics of materials in real time is demonstrated.

Vazquez C., Lopez-Cardona J.D., Lallana P.C., Montero D.S., Al-Zubaidi F.M., Perez-Prieto S., Perez Garcilopez I.

We propose the integration of power over fiber in the next generation 5G radio access network front-haul solutions based on spatial division multiplexing with multicore fibers. The different architectures in both shared- and dedicated- core scenarios for power over fiber delivery and data signals are described. The maximum power to be delivered depending on the efficiencies of the different components is addressed as well as the limits of the delivered energy to avoid fiber fuse and non-linear effects. It is shown how those limits depend on high power laser linewidth, fiber attenuation, link length and fiber core effective area. The impairments related to non-linear effects, multicore fiber crosstalk and temperature are also theoretically analyzed. Experiments show there is no degradation of signal quality for feeding powers of several hundreds of milliwatts for both scenarios in 4-core multicore fibers. This study helps in designing future power by light delivery solutions in Radio over Fiber systems with multicore fibers.

Mukhambedyarov B.B., Lukichev D.V., Polyuga N.L.

Subject of Research.The paper considers simulation model of the electro generating installation based on photovoltaic converters. It is known that photovoltaic cells have rather low conversion efficiency of energy therefore performance improving of the designed energy system can be partially reached by means of controlled intermediate converters. The main goal of this paper is model implementation of a solar power system and also comparative analysis of the different maximum power point tracking algorithms which are used to control energy system with the purpose to increase power efficiency of all system. Method. All algorithms considered in the paper are based on the search for an extremum on the volt-power characteristic of a photovoltaic converter. Implementation of the most popular methods of maximum power point tracking is considered: "Perturbation and observation" and "Increasing conductivity". An algorithm based on the theory of fuzzy logic is proposed for application aimed at the growth of photovoltaic cells efficiency as an alternative method for traditional algorithms. Main Results. The model of solar panel control system is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. Three methods for maximum power point tracking within this photovoltaic system are considered and implemented. Comparative analysis of operation of different control algorithms is carried out for different levels of solar radiation intensity. Practical Relevance. The algorithms can be implemented in real power systems for improvement of their overall performance.

Lopez-Cardona J.D., Vazquez C., Montero D.S., Lallana P.C.

Potential niches for a power-over-fiber (PoF) technique can be found in hazardous areas that require controlling unauthorized access to risk areas and integration of multiple sensors, in scenarios avoiding electromagnetic interference, and the presence of ignition factors. This paper develops a PoF system that provides galvanic isolation between two ends of a fiber for remotely powering a proximity sensor as a proof of concept of the proposed technology. We analyze scalability issues for remotely powering multiple sensors in a specific application for the hazardous environment. The maximum number of remote sensors that can be optically powered and the limiting factors are also studied; considering different types of multimode optical fibers, span lengths, and wavelengths. We finally address the fiber mode field diameter effect as a factor that limits the maximum power to be injected into the fiber. This analysis shows the advantages of using step-index versus graded-index fibers.

Dehghani A., Khodadadi H.

The most important part of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning technology is heating System. This part is used in smart buildings and provides the desired air quality and thermal comfort. The time delay and uncertainty in model parameters due to the several operation mode cause the main challenges in heating system control by the traditional PID approaches. To overcome these problems, this paper presents an intelligent PID algorithm combines the fuzzy logic and neural network method together and used it in Smith predictor structure. Hence, a fuzzy neural network PID controller based on Smith predictor is proposed in this paper for the heating system. By correction of the dynamic learning of neural network and fuzzy inference, PID parameters of the controller get their optimal values. Simulation results of the heating system illustrate that the performance of the fuzzy neural network PID controller based on Smith predictor in comparison to the other control structures has been greatly improved, with fast response, smallest overshoot and lowest rise and settling time.

Rosolem J.B.

Garkushin A.A., Zhukov L.O., Ponomarev R.S., Pankov A.S., Volkhin I.L., Maksimenko V.A., Krishtop V.V.