Methods of Atomic Spectroscopy in Studying Properties and the Behavior of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials in Biological Systems

In this review, we provide an overview of methods for synthesizing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with potential applications to biomedical research. We explore how the structure and properties of these particles are related to their diverse uses in medical diagnostics and bioanalysis. Special emphasis is placed on MNPs containing noble metals, which serve as biomarkers or active agents. Specifically, we focus on the application of direct and combined methods of atomic spectroscopy (ETAAS, AES/ICP–MS) to biomedical research. Experimental approaches to studying the behavior and transformations of MNPs in vitro and in vivo are considered. The importance of proper sample preparation in simulating the behavior of nanoparticles in biological media is highlighted. We also examine the significance of preparation techniques for the accurate determination of dissolved and nanosized forms in biological samples. Lastly, we assess the potential for the comprehensive studies of MNP behavior within complex biological systems, pointing toward future directions in this dynamic and promising field of research.