Freshwater Scarcity
1
Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, Oakland, California 94612, USA;,
|
Publication type: Journal Article
Publication date: 2021-10-18
scimago Q1
wos Q1
SJR: 5.700
CiteScore: 34.3
Impact factor: 16.0
ISSN: 15435938, 15452050
General Environmental Science
Abstract
The availability and use of fresh water are critical for human health and for economic and ecosystem stability. But the growing mismatch between human demands and natural freshwater availability is contributing to water scarcity, affecting industrial and agricultural production and a wide range of social, economic, and political problems, including poverty, deterioration of ecosystem health, and violent conflicts. Understanding and addressing different forms of water scarcity are vital for moving toward more sustainable management and use of fresh water. We provide here a review of concepts and definitions of water scarcity, metrics and indicators used to evaluate scarcity together with strategies for addressing and reducing the adverse consequences of water scarcity, including the development of alternative sources of water, improvements in water-use efficiency, and changes in systems of water management and planning.
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Metrics
169
Total citations:
169
Citations from 2025:
65
(38.69%)
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MLA
Cite this
GOST
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Gleick P. H., Cooley H. Freshwater Scarcity // Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2021. Vol. 46. No. 1. pp. 319-348.
GOST all authors (up to 50)
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Gleick P. H., Cooley H. Freshwater Scarcity // Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 2021. Vol. 46. No. 1. pp. 319-348.
Cite this
RIS
Copy
TY - JOUR
DO - 10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-101319
UR - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-101319
TI - Freshwater Scarcity
T2 - Annual Review of Environment and Resources
AU - Gleick, Peter H.
AU - Cooley, Heather
PY - 2021
DA - 2021/10/18
PB - Annual Reviews
SP - 319-348
IS - 1
VL - 46
SN - 1543-5938
SN - 1545-2050
ER -
Cite this
BibTex (up to 50 authors)
Copy
@article{2021_Gleick,
author = {Peter H. Gleick and Heather Cooley},
title = {Freshwater Scarcity},
journal = {Annual Review of Environment and Resources},
year = {2021},
volume = {46},
publisher = {Annual Reviews},
month = {oct},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-101319},
number = {1},
pages = {319--348},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-101319}
}
Cite this
MLA
Copy
Gleick, Peter H., and Heather Cooley. “Freshwater Scarcity.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources, vol. 46, no. 1, Oct. 2021, pp. 319-348. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-101319.