Open Access
Open access
volume 33 issue 1 publication number 7

Insights into how manual therapists incorporate the biopsychosocial-enactive model in the care of individuals with CLBP: a qualitative study

Marco Bianchi 1, 2
Giacomo Rossettini 3, 4
Francesco Cerritelli 2, 5
Jorge E Esteves 1, 2, 6
1
 
Malta ICOM Educational, Gzira, Malta
2
 
Foundation COME Collaboration, Clinical-Based Human Research Department, Pescara, Italy
5
 
NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, USA
6
 
Escola Superior de Saúde Atlântica, Barcarena, Portugal
Publication typeJournal Article
Publication date2025-02-18
scimago Q1
wos Q1
SJR0.624
CiteScore3.7
Impact factor2.3
ISSN2045709X
Abstract
Background

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) presents a significant challenge for manual therapists. Recent advancements in pain research have highlighted the limitations of the traditional biomedical and biopsychosocial models, prompting the exploration of alternatives. The biopsychosocial-enactive (BPS-E) model has emerged as a promising alternative. This study aims to explore the application of the BPS-E model by manual therapists in managing CLBP and to initiate a meaningful dialogue about its use.

Methods

This study adhered to the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Guided by constructivist grounded theory, we conducted semi-structured interviews with ten manual therapists who are experts in the BPS-E model. Data collection, conceptualization, and analysis were systematically carried out to identify key themes and insights.

Results

The core theme identified was “The person-centred approach,” with three subthemes: “Opportunities in implementing the model”, “Utilizing and Integrating Diverse Skills for Holistic Care”, and “Challenges in implementing the model”.

Conclusion

This study provides insights into how manual therapists incorporate the BPS-E model in their practice, demonstrating its advantages over the traditional biopsychosocial model. The findings highlight the need for further research and training to effectively implement the BPS-E model in clinical settings. This research begins an essential discussion on the potential of the BPS-E model to enhance care for CLBP patients.

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Bianchi M. et al. Insights into how manual therapists incorporate the biopsychosocial-enactive model in the care of individuals with CLBP: a qualitative study // Chiropractic and Manual Therapies. 2025. Vol. 33. No. 1. 7
GOST all authors (up to 50) Copy
Bianchi M., Rossettini G., Cerritelli F., Esteves J. E. Insights into how manual therapists incorporate the biopsychosocial-enactive model in the care of individuals with CLBP: a qualitative study // Chiropractic and Manual Therapies. 2025. Vol. 33. No. 1. 7
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RIS Copy
TY - JOUR
DO - 10.1186/s12998-025-00574-3
UR - https://chiromt.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12998-025-00574-3
TI - Insights into how manual therapists incorporate the biopsychosocial-enactive model in the care of individuals with CLBP: a qualitative study
T2 - Chiropractic and Manual Therapies
AU - Bianchi, Marco
AU - Rossettini, Giacomo
AU - Cerritelli, Francesco
AU - Esteves, Jorge E
PY - 2025
DA - 2025/02/18
PB - Springer Nature
IS - 1
VL - 33
SN - 2045-709X
ER -
BibTex
Cite this
BibTex (up to 50 authors) Copy
@article{2025_Bianchi,
author = {Marco Bianchi and Giacomo Rossettini and Francesco Cerritelli and Jorge E Esteves},
title = {Insights into how manual therapists incorporate the biopsychosocial-enactive model in the care of individuals with CLBP: a qualitative study},
journal = {Chiropractic and Manual Therapies},
year = {2025},
volume = {33},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
month = {feb},
url = {https://chiromt.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12998-025-00574-3},
number = {1},
pages = {7},
doi = {10.1186/s12998-025-00574-3}
}