Open Access
Optics Express, volume 25, issue 14, pages 16589
HgCdTe avalanche photodiode detectors for airborne and spaceborne lidar at infrared wavelengths
Xiaoli Sun
1
,
James B. Abshire
1
,
Jeffrey D. Beck
2
,
Pradip Mitra
2
,
Kirk Reiff
3
,
Guangning Yang
4
1
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 690, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
|
2
DRS Technologies, 13544 N. Central Expressway, Dallas, TX 75243, USA
|
3
A/DIC Inc., 740 Florida Central Parkway, Longwood, FL 32750, USA
|
4
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 554, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
|
Publication type: Journal Article
Publication date: 2017-07-05
Journal:
Optics Express
Quartile SCImago
Q1
Quartile WOS
Q2
Impact factor: 3.8
ISSN: 10944087, 10944087
Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract
We report results from characterizing the HgCdTe avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays developed for lidar at infrared wavelengths by using the high density vertically integrated photodiodes (HDVIP®) technique. The results show >90% quantum efficiencies between 0.8 μm and the cut-off wavelength, >600 APD gain, near unity excess noise factor, 6-10 MHz electrical bandwidth and <0.5 fW/Hz1/2 noise equivalent power (NEP). The detectors provide linear analog output with a dynamic range of 2-3 orders of magnitude at a fixed APD gain without averaging, and over 5 orders of magnitude by adjusting the APD gain settings. They have been used successfully in airborne CO2 and CH4 integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar as precursors for use in space lidar.
Top-30
Citations by journals
|
2
4
6
8
10
|
|
|
Optics Express
10 publications, 14.29%
|
|
|
Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
4 publications, 5.71%
|
|
|
Sensors
3 publications, 4.29%
|
|
|
CEAS Space Journal
3 publications, 4.29%
|
|
|
Applied Optics
3 publications, 4.29%
|
|
|
Applied Physics Letters
2 publications, 2.86%
|
|
|
Optical Engineering
2 publications, 2.86%
|
|
|
Micromachines
2 publications, 2.86%
|
|
|
Atmosphere
2 publications, 2.86%
|
|
|
Scientific Reports
2 publications, 2.86%
|
|
|
Infrared Physics and Technology
2 publications, 2.86%
|
|
|
IEEE Electron Device Letters
2 publications, 2.86%
|
|
|
Earth and Space Science
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Earth System Science Data
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Remote Sensing
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Materials
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Journal of Electronic Materials
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Optoelectronics Letters
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Optics and Laser Technology
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Journal of Physics: Conference Series
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
European Journal of Remote Sensing
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Journal of Lightwave Technology
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
APL Photonics
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
2
4
6
8
10
|
Citations by publishers
|
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
|
|
|
Optical Society of America
13 publications, 18.57%
|
|
|
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
9 publications, 12.86%
|
|
|
IEEE
9 publications, 12.86%
|
|
|
Springer Nature
7 publications, 10%
|
|
|
Copernicus
5 publications, 7.14%
|
|
|
Wiley
3 publications, 4.29%
|
|
|
American Institute of Physics (AIP)
3 publications, 4.29%
|
|
|
SPIE
3 publications, 4.29%
|
|
|
Elsevier
3 publications, 4.29%
|
|
|
American Chemical Society (ACS)
2 publications, 2.86%
|
|
|
The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
IOP Publishing
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Taylor & Francis
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii
1 publication, 1.43%
|
|
|
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
|
- We do not take into account publications without a DOI.
- Statistics recalculated only for publications connected to researchers, organizations and labs registered on the platform.
- Statistics recalculated weekly.
{"yearsCitations":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":[2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"ids":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"codes":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"imageUrls":["","","","","","","",""],"datasets":[{"label":"Citations number","data":[4,12,8,6,16,10,5,9],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":["5.71","17.14","11.43","8.57","22.86","14.29","7.14","12.86"],"barThickness":null}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"x","maintainAspectRatio":true,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":1,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Citations per year","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"journals":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":["Optics Express","Atmospheric Measurement Techniques","Sensors","CEAS Space Journal","Applied Optics","Applied Physics Letters","Optical Engineering","Micromachines","Atmosphere","Scientific Reports","Infrared Physics and Technology","IEEE Electron Device Letters","Earth and Space Science","Earth System Science Data","Remote Sensing","Materials","Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials","Journal of Electronic Materials","Optoelectronics Letters","Optics and Laser Technology","Journal of Physics: Conference Series","Microwave and Optical Technology Letters","European Journal of Remote Sensing","IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing","Journal of Lightwave Technology","IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics","APL Photonics"],"ids":[8923,22345,18435,9643,7119,4202,24900,1083,9708,13767,12755,5727,16245,17377,22827,25198,15029,18295,20138,8155,3333,14951,23495,9243,9046,18401,11159,8073,18505],"codes":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"imageUrls":["\/storage\/images\/resized\/bypZPcr6C4twKiQVCUCGc0GF4cH6aUWmpClD3hsH_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/cxBZptDQQvWgQeXj5GoTXDfgUEoGVvFgpDRctnDr_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bypZPcr6C4twKiQVCUCGc0GF4cH6aUWmpClD3hsH_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/DBpVkewJngs3BK2gVqHayOcCZf2Czbxddw6ObU26_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/6scCJegesojp2jubwY3uKCzTAmgsaH2GIFlg6Hfk_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/cxBZptDQQvWgQeXj5GoTXDfgUEoGVvFgpDRctnDr_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/LsKy6OnmmmRGcAU6CZgWQvNiP1polbaSLNrN7zqj_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/5YZtvLvkPZuc2JHOaZsjCvGSHFCuC3drUwN3YAc5_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/6scCJegesojp2jubwY3uKCzTAmgsaH2GIFlg6Hfk_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bypZPcr6C4twKiQVCUCGc0GF4cH6aUWmpClD3hsH_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/6scCJegesojp2jubwY3uKCzTAmgsaH2GIFlg6Hfk_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/6scCJegesojp2jubwY3uKCzTAmgsaH2GIFlg6Hfk_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/6scCJegesojp2jubwY3uKCzTAmgsaH2GIFlg6Hfk_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp"],"datasets":[{"label":"","data":[10,4,3,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":[14.29,5.71,4.29,4.29,4.29,2.86,2.86,2.86,2.86,2.86,2.86,2.86,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43],"barThickness":13}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"y","maintainAspectRatio":false,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":null,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Journals","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"publishers":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":["Optical Society of America","Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","IEEE","Springer Nature","Copernicus","Wiley","American Institute of Physics (AIP)","SPIE","Elsevier","American Chemical Society (ACS)","The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers","IOP Publishing","Taylor & Francis","Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii"],"ids":[375,202,6953,8,3207,11,250,7162,17,40,4477,2075,18,9422],"codes":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"imageUrls":["\/storage\/images\/resized\/bypZPcr6C4twKiQVCUCGc0GF4cH6aUWmpClD3hsH_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/MjH1ITP7lMYGxeqUZfkt2BnVLgjkk413jwBV97XX_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/6scCJegesojp2jubwY3uKCzTAmgsaH2GIFlg6Hfk_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/voXLqlsvTwv5p3iMQ8Dhs95nqB4AXOG7Taj7G4ra_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/cxBZptDQQvWgQeXj5GoTXDfgUEoGVvFgpDRctnDr_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/bRyGpdm98BkAUYiK1YFNpl5Z7hPu6Gd87gbIeuG3_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/ARM4e6URKRsbRZvIF0vFis9DjxGloBjnBYJXbHmZ_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/DBpVkewJngs3BK2gVqHayOcCZf2Czbxddw6ObU26_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/GDnYOu1UpMMfMMRV6Aqle4H0YLLsraeD9IP9qScG_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/iLiQsFqFaSEx6chlGQ5fbAwF6VYU3WWa08hkss0g_medium.webp","","\/storage\/images\/resized\/LsKy6OnmmmRGcAU6CZgWQvNiP1polbaSLNrN7zqj_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/5YZtvLvkPZuc2JHOaZsjCvGSHFCuC3drUwN3YAc5_medium.webp","\/storage\/images\/resized\/9Mus3KG1Tkd7Bwaurt8H3RwWh0CxRlGoO6ng9UK1_medium.webp"],"datasets":[{"label":"","data":[13,9,9,7,5,3,3,3,3,2,1,1,1,1],"backgroundColor":["#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6","#3B82F6"],"percentage":[18.57,12.86,12.86,10,7.14,4.29,4.29,4.29,4.29,2.86,1.43,1.43,1.43,1.43],"barThickness":13}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"y","maintainAspectRatio":false,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":null,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":false}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Publishers","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"yearsCitationsQuartiles":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":[2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"ids":[],"codes":[],"imageUrls":[],"datasets":[{"label":"Q4","backgroundColor":"rgb(221,90,78)","data":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"percentage":["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","0"]},{"label":"Q3","backgroundColor":"rgb(251, 163,83)","data":[1,0,1,2,1,1,0,0],"percentage":["1.43","0","1.43","2.86","1.43","1.43","0","0"]},{"label":"Q2","backgroundColor":"rgb(232, 213, 89)","data":[0,4,2,0,5,1,2,2],"percentage":["0","5.71","2.86","0","7.14","1.43","2.86","2.86"]},{"label":"Q1","backgroundColor":"rgb(164, 207, 99)","data":[2,4,4,2,7,8,3,6],"percentage":["2.86","5.71","5.71","2.86","10","11.43","4.29","8.57"]},{"label":"Quartile not defined","backgroundColor":"#E5E7EB","data":[1,4,1,2,3,0,0,1],"percentage":["1.43","5.71","1.43","2.86","4.29","0","0","1.43"]}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"x","maintainAspectRatio":true,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":1,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Citations quartiles by SCImago per year","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}},"yearsCitationsQuartilesWs":{"type":"bar","data":{"show":true,"labels":[2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"ids":[],"codes":[],"imageUrls":[],"datasets":[{"label":"Q4","backgroundColor":"rgb(221,90,78)","data":[0,0,1,0,1,0,1,0],"percentage":["0","0","1.43","0","1.43","0","1.43","0"]},{"label":"Q3","backgroundColor":"rgb(251, 163,83)","data":[0,2,0,0,2,2,1,0],"percentage":["0","2.86","0","0","2.86","2.86","1.43","0"]},{"label":"Q2","backgroundColor":"rgb(232, 213, 89)","data":[1,5,4,2,8,6,1,4],"percentage":["1.43","7.14","5.71","2.86","11.43","8.57","1.43","5.71"]},{"label":"Q1","backgroundColor":"rgb(164, 207, 99)","data":[1,1,1,0,1,2,2,4],"percentage":["1.43","1.43","1.43","0","1.43","2.86","2.86","5.71"]},{"label":"Quartile not defined","backgroundColor":"#E5E7EB","data":[2,4,2,4,4,0,0,1],"percentage":["2.86","5.71","2.86","5.71","5.71","0","0","1.43"]}]},"options":{"indexAxis":"x","maintainAspectRatio":true,"scales":{"y":{"ticks":{"precision":0,"autoSkip":false,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true},"x":{"ticks":{"stepSize":1,"precision":0,"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"},"stacked":true}},"plugins":{"legend":{"position":"top","labels":{"font":{"family":"Montserrat"},"color":"#000000"}},"title":{"display":true,"text":"Citations quartiles by WoS per year","font":{"size":24,"family":"Montserrat","weight":600},"color":"#000000"}}}}}
Are you a researcher?
Create a profile to get free access to personal recommendations for colleagues and new articles.
Metrics
Cite this
GOST |
RIS |
BibTex |
MLA
Cite this
GOST
Copy
Sun X. et al. HgCdTe avalanche photodiode detectors for airborne and spaceborne lidar at infrared wavelengths // Optics Express. 2017. Vol. 25. No. 14. p. 16589.
GOST all authors (up to 50)
Copy
Sun X., Abshire J. B., Beck J. D., Mitra P., Reiff K., Yang G. HgCdTe avalanche photodiode detectors for airborne and spaceborne lidar at infrared wavelengths // Optics Express. 2017. Vol. 25. No. 14. p. 16589.
Cite this
RIS
Copy
TY - JOUR
DO - 10.1364/oe.25.016589
UR - https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.016589
TI - HgCdTe avalanche photodiode detectors for airborne and spaceborne lidar at infrared wavelengths
T2 - Optics Express
AU - Sun, Xiaoli
AU - Abshire, James B.
AU - Beck, Jeffrey D.
AU - Mitra, Pradip
AU - Reiff, Kirk
AU - Yang, Guangning
PY - 2017
DA - 2017/07/05 00:00:00
PB - Optical Society of America
SP - 16589
IS - 14
VL - 25
SN - 1094-4087
SN - 1094-4087
ER -
Cite this
BibTex
Copy
@article{2017_Sun,
author = {Xiaoli Sun and James B. Abshire and Jeffrey D. Beck and Pradip Mitra and Kirk Reiff and Guangning Yang},
title = {HgCdTe avalanche photodiode detectors for airborne and spaceborne lidar at infrared wavelengths},
journal = {Optics Express},
year = {2017},
volume = {25},
publisher = {Optical Society of America},
month = {jul},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.016589},
number = {14},
pages = {16589},
doi = {10.1364/oe.25.016589}
}
Cite this
MLA
Copy
Sun, Xiaoli, et al. “HgCdTe avalanche photodiode detectors for airborne and spaceborne lidar at infrared wavelengths.” Optics Express, vol. 25, no. 14, Jul. 2017, p. 16589. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.016589.