Efeito da temperatura na maturação ovariana e longevidade de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Vargas R.I., Walsh W.A., Kanehisa D., Jang E.B., Armstrong J.W.

Carey J.R., Liedo P.

Experimental studies on male-female mortality differences in nonhuman species are important because they provide insights into both the nature of age-specific gender differences and the concept of selective survival--whether one subgroup in a population (e.g., males) is consistently more frail than another subgroup (e.g., females). We found that it was not possible to classify either sex as more robust or longer lived since relative longevity was conditional on age (young or old), cage conditions (solitary confinement or grouped cages), and treatment (starvation, irradiation, or density). Implications of these findings are discussed including selective survival, demographic selection, a framework for male-female mortality differentials, and an evolutionary perspective on gender differences in longevity.

Yang P., Carey J.R., Dowell R.V.

Rosales A.L., Krafsur E.S., Kim Y.

Face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, have a circumpolar distribution and overwinter as adults in reproductive diapause. House flies, Musca domestica L., have a cosmopolitan distribution and overwinter in northern latitudes in animal confinement quarters. We compared supercooling points with low temperature tolerances, as measured by bioassays, in all developmental stages of both species. There was no correlation between supercooling points and the ability to survive subzero temperatures. Rapid cold hardening was induced in adults of both species by a 2-h acclimation period at 0 degrees C. Hemolymph melting points were measured osmometrically in diapausing and reproductive face flies. Freezing point depressions differed between diapausing and reproductive flies and between reproductive flies given a 2-h pre-exposure to 0 degrees C and unexposed flies. Our data suggest that a -8 to 8 degrees C range with a mean close to 0 degrees C is necessary for successful face fly overwintering. House fly overwintering sites must offer microhabitats that remain above -5 degrees C with sufficient time above 10 degrees C to allow larval, pupal, and ovarian development.

Williams K.D., Sokolowski M.B.

Female Drosophila melanogaster exhibit ovarian diapause at low temperatures and short day lengths. We found that D. melanogaster isofemale lines from Windsor (Ontario, Canada) had a significantly higher percentage of females in diapause than did those from Cartersville (Georgia, U.S.A.). To investigate the heredity of this trait, we performed a 16-reciprocal cross analysis using two extreme isofemale lines called W and C. We found that diapause in D. melanogaster is inherited as a simple autosomal recessive trait with the C response (less flies in diapause) completely dominant to the W one. Maternal and cytoplasmic factors did not affect differences in diapause in these lines. The result of our genetic analysis of diapause in D. melanogaster opens many avenues for the genetic dissection of this ecologically relevant trait.

Salles L.A.

Carey J.R., Liedo P., Orozco D., Vaupel J.W.

Storey K.B., Storey J.M.

Fitt G.P.

The relative importance of adult preferences or specialisations of larval physiology in restricting the host range of five species of Dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) was examined, with particular emphasis on their utilization of cultivated fruits. The species; D. tryoni, D. jarvisi, D. cucumis, D. musae and D. cacuminatus differ widely in host range with D. tryoni being highly polyphagous while D. cacuminatus is virtually monophagous. Laboratory experiments showed that larvae of all species survived and developed in many cultivated fruits in which the specialists never occur in the field. By contrast the oviposition preferences and specificity of adult females differed widely between species. Female D. tryoni oviposited in most species of fruit. The specialised species; D. cucumis, D. musae and D. cacuminatus strongly preferred their usual hosts and would not oviposit in novel fruits even in the absence of the preferred host. In contrast, D. jarvisi consistently preferred its main native host but when this was not offered readily accepted cultivated fruits. These differences in preference are consistent with the pattern of infestation displayed by each species in the field. The study indicate that, in general, the occurrence of these species of Dacus in cultivated fruits is constrained more by the behavioural preferences of adult females than by larval specialisations. A genetic change in some aspect of host recognition or acceptance would be necessary for the specialised species to regularly infest cultivated fruits though no change in larval characteristics may be needed. As the types and concentrations of defensive secondary compounds may differ between native and cultivated fruits this conclusion cannot be extended to host shifts among native fruits.

Skultab S., Eldridge B.F.

The effect of photoperiod and temperature on ovarian follicle development and other factors related to hibernation was studied in a colonized population of Culex peus mosquitoes from Philomath, Benton County, Oregon, USA. When females were subjected to a combination of short daily photophases and low temperatures from the time of pupation to 8 days after adult emergence, we observed a retardation of follicular development (ovarian diapause), a reduction in the blood-feeding rate, and the occurrence of hypertrophic fat. Cool temperatures caused a retardation of follicle growth in non-blood-fed females regardless of photoperiod, but only under the influence of both low temperature and short photophase did ovaries remain in a diapause condition for as long as 21 days after adult emergence. Based on experimental exposure to 12 different photoperiods at 18°C, we estimated that 50% of adults would have diapause-state ovaries at a photoperiod of ca. L:D 13:11. Routine sampling of Cx. peus larvae from a log pond from April to November in 1980 and 1981 showed that numbers decreased sharply after mid-September. This coincides well with the occurrence of 13 h of light per day (15 September) at this site. The significance of these results in relation to the geographical range of this and other Culex species is discussed.

Pritchard G.

The relationship between temperature and speed of ovarian maturation in D. tryoni has been investigated in the laboratory, in field cages, and in natural populations, the time required for 50 % of the females to develop mature eggs (TM,,) being used as the basis for comparison. When measurements were made at a series of constant temperatures, rate of maturation increased in a sigmoid manner with increasing temperature up to about 26T, but decreased at higher temperatures. In females held in laboratory cages, speed of ovarian maturation was increased (a) when males were present, and (b) when density was increased. These observations were important when results obtained in the laboratory were used to estimate maturation times of populations in the field. The usefulness of various methods of estimating maturation times in natural populations was judged by measuring speeds of maturation of populations held in large field cages and comparing them with theoretical estimates. A detailed method, by which the amount of development completed each hour under field conditions was estimated from data on the percentage development per hour obtained at a series of constant temperatures in the laboratory, gave quite good estimates, but a number of factors have to be taken into account when transferring data from the laboratory to the field. The method of "temperature summation" was completely inadequate, but a simple method relating TM,, observed in field cages to mean temperature was as good in practice as the detailed method. In natural and field-caged populations in the vicinity of Sydney, N.S.W., maturation of ovaries proceeded very slowly after April through the winter months, but the rate increased rapidly with the higher temperatures of August and September. The shortest time recorded for maturation of 50% of the females in field-caged populations was about 14 days during midsummer, although some individuals matured in half of this time. As in the laboratory, the time required for maturation increased when high temperatures (above 26�C) were frequent.

Sømme L.

Changes in glycerol content and supercooling points were studied in three overwintering species. In larvae of Hyponomeuta evonymellus L. and eggs of Acrolita naevana (Hb.), glycerol was accumulated and supercooling points were lowered during the fall. After diapause was broken, the glycerol content decreased, accompanied by an increase in supercooling points. Similar changes were observed in all larvae of Laspeyresia strobilella (L.), although some of them pupate after one winter, while others remain in diapause for at least 1 more year. The larvae that remain in diapause are able to accumulate glycerol during exposure to low temperatures, and in this way increase their cold-hardiness, Glycerol was lost at 20 °C in the fall when all larvae of L. strobilella were in diapause, whereas diapausing eggs of A. naevana retained their glycerol content at this temperature. Eggs of A. naevana from a location in eastern Norway accumulated more glycerol than did eggs from a location with a milder climate in western Norway, thus suggesting differences in adaptation to low temperatures, Larvae of H. evonymellus and eggs of A. naevana were killed by freezing, while larvae of L. strobilella were freezing-tolerant in the middle of the winter.

Sømme L.

Overwintering eggs of the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)), stored at 6 °C in the laboratory, were found to accumulate sorbitol during the fall, while a decrease in concentrations took place from January to March. A linear correlation suggests that increased sorbitol content causes a depression of the supercooling points. Significant changes in supercooling points during storage were found in eggs from two locations in eastern Norway, while only small changes took place in eggs from a location in western Norway. Changes in sorbitol content were significant in eggs from all locations. Maximum concentrations of sorbitol were observed at the time diapause terminated. Judging from the supercooling points, eggs collected in eastern Norway were slightly more cold-hardy than were eggs from milder climates in western Norway.

Keck C.B.

Galvão-Silva F.L., Araújo A.S., Dias V.S., do Nascimento A.S., Joachim-Bravo I.S.

Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) and A. obliqua (Macquart) are important pests of fruit crops. In Brazil, these species cause damage to fruit growing in the South (annual average temperature of 20.9 °C) and Northeast (average yearly temperature of 24 °C). We evaluated the effect of temperature on the viability and development time of A. fraterculus and A. obliqua immature stages in their respective preferred hosts, guava (Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae) and mango (Mangifera indica L., Anacardiaceae). The duration of egg and pupal stages, egg to pre-pupa, and viability of egg and pupal stages under different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) were assessed. For both species, development time decreased with increasing temperature. Viability in the evaluated stages was only observed between 15 and 30 °C. However, the species responded differently to the exposure temperatures (15 and 30 °C), especially in the pupal stage and from egg to pre-pupa. Anastrepha fraterculus showed a lower tolerance to high temperatures, especially in the pupal stage and from egg to pre-pupa, which may explain its lower importance and economic impact in warmer Brazilian regions. Anastrepha obliqua had a lower tolerance at 15 °C, indicating greater adequacy for temperatures above 20 °C, characteristic of Northeast Brazil, suggesting the capacity to spread to cooler areas with rising temperatures.

Jacome E., Jácome C.J., Bayancela S., Freire L.O.

The research was carried out in the Entomology laboratory of the Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, with geographical coordinates of 00° 59′ 57″ South latitude and 78° 37′ 14″ West longitude. The purpose of the study was to observe the effect of temperature on the biological cycle of Anastrepha striata. The methodology consisted of technologically converting a conventional cooler into a rearing climatic chamber for the control of different temperatures with a maxi- mum error of ± 0.4 °C controlled and supervised through an interface, which generates historical records of temperature behavior; in the development of Anastrepha striata, a species that presents complete metamorphosis, life tables were made considering the keys of the Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) program. Considering temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C. In conclusion, it is possible to construct artificial insect rearing chambers that regulate different temperatures in insects of the species Anastrepha striata. Low temperatures increase longevity, but affect the fecundity of the insects, A. striata at 25 °C is in its ecological niche, because it accumulates heat for its ovarian sexual maturation, besides presenting a shorter average longevity.

SANTOS J.P., ARIOLI C.J., ROSA J.M., MENEZES-NETTO A.C.

ABSTRACT The South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most important insect pest in pear tree crops in Southern Brazil. Several studies pointed to the controversial efficacy of some food lures used for capture and monitoring this species in various fruit species. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of food lures available in the Brazilian market in capturing and monitoring A. fraterculus in relation to grape juice. The experiment was conducted during the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 crop seasons in an Asian pear (Pyrus spp.) orchard located in Caçador, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The food lures evaluated were CeraTrap®, BioAnastrepha®, Torula®, Isca Mosca®, BioFruit®, and grape juice (a standard food lure in Southern Brazil). For each attractant substance, population fluctuations of A. fraterculus were recorded as well as the average number of female and male specimens captured, the FTD (fly/trap/day) rate of capture, the number of control indications, and mean weekly evaporation. The first A. fraterculus adults were captured in November, and in both crop seasons the population peak was found in January. CeraTrap® was more effective in capturing females and males and indicated a higher number of control indications compared to the other food lures. Grape juice presented lower effectiveness compared to CeraTrap®, including the evaporation parameter. It was concluded that CeraTrap® is the most effective food attractant in capturing adults of A. fraterculus and more accurate in detecting its population levels in Asian pear orchards, therefore, it is recommended rather than the usual grape juice.

Ramos Y.J., Costa T.L., Santos A.A., da Silva R.S., Galdino T.V., Picanço M.C.

Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a key pest in apple orchards (Malus domestica Borkh.). Decision making for fruit fly management relies on the mean number of flies captured per trap. The number of flies captured depends on trap distribution in the orchards and climatic conditions that explain population density patterns as a function of space and time. Knowledge of A. fraterculus spatial distribution patterns and climatic conditions in apple orchards may help to plan control measures, develop efficient monitoring plans and improve management by targeting specific sites and periods when A. fraterculus occurrence is highest. Therefore, our aim in this study was to determine the seasonal variation and spatial distribution patterns of A. fraterculus in commercial apple orchards using geostatistical analysis. Anastrepha fraterculus density was higher during the warmer periods of the year and when apple trees had fruit. The spatial distribution pattern for this pest varied over the years and between orchards. Pest outbreaks were initially small however, they subsequently spread throughout the entire orchard. The adults of A. fraterculus colonized the orchard during the reproductive phase of apple trees, initiating at the edge of the orchard. The different occurrence sites of the pest foci and their fast growth underline the importance of locating and controlling these foci at the initial stage. Still, basing decision making on mean pest density values when implementing control measures can lead to unnecessary applications. The information found in this study provides useful information to initiate methods for timely management, prevention and control during periods of high favorability in orchard sites with high A. fraterculus incidence, thereby reducing production costs and harmful effects of pesticide use.

Araujo E.S., Paiva L.R., Alves S.G., Bevacqua D., Nava D.E., Lavigne C., García F.R.

Phenological asynchrony between fruit crops and pests consists of a discrepancy between the period of fruit susceptibility and that of high pest abundance in the orchards. Therefore, it may be used for reducing pesticide applications. We assayed the potential phenological asynchrony between peach cultivars with different growing cycles and the Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae). To this end, we assessed fruit infestation by A. fraterculus at harvest for one growing season (2012-2013) in early, average and late maturing peach cultivars. Moreover, the fruit infestation was checked for non-cultivated native and non-cultivated wild exotic plant hosts around the peach orchards of the experimental area during 2013 and 2014. In addition, we monitored A. fraterculus abundance weekly during three consecutive growing seasons, S1 (2011-2012), S2 (2012-2013) and S3 (2013-2014), to assess phenological asynchrony between peach cultivars and A. fraterculus. In particular, we checked the influence of meteorological variables on A. fraterculus abundance, and tested if A. fraterculus abundance at the time when fruits are susceptible differed among cultivars. Eventually we discuss the possibility of sustainable management of peach in southern Brazil. This study constitutes a first assessment of the periods of crop vulnerability and pest presence in peach orchards in South of Brazil and provides necessary information for taking advantage of the phenological asynchrony phenomenon for this pest-crop association.

Araujo E.S., Monteiro L.B., Monteiro R.S., Nishimura G., Franck P., Lavigne C.

In Parana, southern Brazil, apple orchards are commonly bordered by highly biodiverse Atlantic Forest remnants. The main insect pest in these orchards is the highly polyphagous South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus. Technical advisers recommend that farmers remove wild host plants of A. fraterculus around orchards, which is at odds with the need for forest conservation. We thus investigated whether the presence of Atlantic Forest remnants and A. fraterculus host plants surrounding commercial apple orchards affect A. fraterculus populations in apple orchards in Parana, southern Brazil. For this purpose, we monitored A. fraterculus using McPhail traps in a total of 67 100 m × 200 m apple orchard plots that differed in their adjacent landscape (forest with A. fraterculus host plants, forest without host plants, open areas). In total, we captured 6412 Anastrepha fruit flies during four growing seasons. At the time when the apple fruits were susceptible to A. fraterculus, the probability of occurrence (i.e. of presence or absence) of A. fraterculus did not differ among the adjacent landscape types and was not affected by the presence of specific host plants. Its abundance in traps where at least one individual was found was also not affected. In contrast, at the time when the apple fruits were absent or not susceptible to A. fraterculus, A. fraterculus probability of occurrence was significantly higher in plots adjacent to open area than in plots adjacent to native forest remnants and intermediate in plots adjacent to native forest remnants with A. fraterculus host plants. At that time, its probability of occurrence and its abundance increased only with the presence of Psidium cattleyanum in these forest remnants. These results indicate that forest remnants had a limited impact on A. fraterculus abundance in orchards and do not support the recommendation to indiscriminately remove wild host plants adjacent to apple orchards.

Bolzan A., Nava D.E., Smaniotto G., Valgas R.A., Garcia F.R.

Anastrepha grandis (Macquart) is one of the main pests of cucurbits in the countries of Central and South America. Besides direct damage caused to fruits, A. grandis occurrence in producing regions can lead to export embargos. Despite its economic importance, little is known of the effects of temperature on its biology. This study investigated the development of A. grandis under different temperatures to estimate thermal requirements and then validated the model developed in the field. Development time was inversely proportional to temperature and greater fecundity and fertility were observed at 25 °C. Greater egg and pupa viabilities as well as a greater number of insects per fruit were also observed at 25 °C. The thermal threshold and the thermal constant for egg and pupal stages were 8.3 °C for both stages and 132.3 degree-days (DD) for the egg stage and 347.0 DD for the pupal stage. For the egg-to-adult period the values were 5.2 °C and 858.7 DD. Data collected in the field showed DD (937.9) and duration (79.7 d) values of the egg-to-adult period similar to those estimated in the laboratory. This information could support management of A. grandis , since the model for temperature requirements can be used to predict pest occurrence in crops and estimate the number of generations per year.

Santos J.P., Redaelli L.R., Sant’Ana J., Hickel E.R.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a flutuação populacional e estimar o número de gerações por ano de Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae), com base nas variáveis meteorológicas de Caçador, Santa Catarina, Brasil. O estudo foi conduzido em pomar orgânico de macieira, de outubro de 2009 a abril de 2012. O número de moscas-das-frutas foi aferido semanalmente, com quatro armadilhas do tipo McPhail iscadas com Torula®. A associação entre o número de adultos capturados e as variáveis meteorológicas (temperaturas máxima, mínima e média, precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa do ar) foi feita pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (p < 0,05). Para o período de entressafra (maio a setembro), os valores médios diários das variáveis meteorológicas foram calculados pelos testes F ou de Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0,05). O número de gerações/ano foi estimado utilizando-se os dados de temperatura mínima de 2009 até 2012, constante térmica e temperatura basal estabelecidos para A. fraterculus. Verificou-se que a mosca-das-frutas sul-americana ocorreu de novembro a abril, com picos populacionais em janeiro ou fevereiro. Apenas na safra 2010/2011 houve correlação entre o número médio de adultos capturados e as temperaturas máxima, média e mínima. Estimou-se que podem ocorrer em torno de oito gerações de A. fraterculus por ano em Caçador, Santa Catarina.

Marques M.R., Brisolara L., Ferreira P.R., Indrusiak L.S.

Eboracum is an extensible modeling simulation framework for evaluation of reactive and adaptable wireless sensor networks (WSN), which provides high-level primitives for modeling platform and application aspects of WSNs. Combining application to environment-generated workload and computing/communication infrastructure, this framework allows to evaluate the efficiency of WSN configurations with regards to metrics that are meaningful to specific application domains and respective end-users. In this work, we demonstrate that Eboracum can be easily extended to support different types of nodes, events, as well as dynamic adaptability strategies. Moreover, this work discusses how to employ Eboracum to evaluate load balancing strategies and describe two different realistic scenarios, extending its primitives, for instance, to support mobile nodes and trigger events.

Reyes C.P., Jahnke S.M., Redaelli L.R.

A mosca-das-frutas sul-americana, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae), é a principal praga das frutíferas no Sul do Brasil. Este trabalho buscou caracterizar as populações de moscas-das-frutas desta espécie capturadas em armadilhas com atrativos alimentares, através da comparação do estágio de maturação dos órgãos reprodutivos de fêmeas de campo e de laboratório. Realizaram-se coletas em dois pomares, um de pessegueiro, com manejo convencional e um de goiabeira, sem manejo, durante uma safra, com dois diferentes atrativos alimentares, em diferentes fases das culturas. Foram utilizadas armadilhas do tipo McPhail com suco de uva a 25% e proteína hidrolisada a 5%. As fêmeas coletadas foram dissecadas, seus ovários medidos em largura e comprimento e foi determinado o grau de maturação sexual, assim com as de laboratório, com a idade controlada. Foram capturadas 895 fêmeas de A. fraterculus no pomar de goiabeiras e 139 no de pessegueiros. Determinaram-se três estágios fisiológicos das fêmeas a partir da diferenciação celular dos ovários: imaturas, em desenvolvimento e maduras. Fêmeas maduras de laboratório apresentaram ovários significativamente menores que as de campo. No pomar de pessegueiros identificaram-se, através dos picos de coletas de moscas imaturas, três gerações durante o ciclo da cultura, até a colheita. Nas goiabeiras, o maior pico populacional de moscas imaturas ocorreu no final do ciclo, indicando uma população apta a colonizar outras frutíferas.

Zart M., Botton M., Fernandes O.A.

A mosca-das-frutas sul-americana, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), é uma das principais pragas da fruticultura no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a suscetibilidade quanto à queda e deformação de bagas de diferentes cultivares/espécies de uva pela injúria causada pela oviposição de A. fraterculus. O trabalho foi realizado em vinhedos das cultivares 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (Vitis vinifera), 'Moscato Embrapa' (75% de V. vinifera) e 'Isabel' (Vitis labrusca), localizados em Bento Gonçalves (RS), na safra 2006/2007. Dois casais de A. fraterculus foram confinados por cacho, em gaiolas de tecido voile, durante os estádios fenológicos de grão ervilha, início da compactação, início da maturação e maturação plena dos cachos. Queda significativa de bagas devido ao ataque de A. fraterculus foi registrada na cultivar 'Cabernet Sauvignon' quando a infestação foi realizada nos estádios fenológicos de grão ervilha e início da compactação de cacho; estádios de grão ervilha em 'Moscato Embrapa'; e nos estádios de grão ervilha, início da compactação e início da maturação do cacho na cultivar 'Isabel'. Foi registrada deformação de bagas quando as infestações foram realizadas nos estádios de grão ervilha e início da compactação de cacho em 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'Moscato Embrapa' e 'Isabel'. O desenvolvimento larval até a fase de pupa foi observado somente na cultivar 'Moscato Embrapa'.

Telles-Romero R., Toledo J., Hernández E., Quintero-Fong J.L., Cruz-López L.

AbstractThe effect of four temperatures (18, 20, 25 and 30°C) on pupa development and sexual maturity of Anastrepha obliqua adults was investigated under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the duration of the pupal stage decreased with an increase in temperature (29, 25, 13 and 12 days, respectively), and maintaining the pupae at 18°C and 20°C results in a low percentage of pupation, pupa weight loss and lesser flying ability. However, it significantly favored sexual behavior, a higher proportion of sexual calls and matings. While enhanced pupa development was observed at a temperature of 30°C, adults had low sexual efficiency, as well as a lower proportion of calls and matings. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of male volatiles showed that the amount of (Z,E)-α-farnesene did not vary among males from pupae reared at different temperatures; however, less (E,E)-α-farnesene was emitted by males obtain from pupa reared at 30°C. Male flies kept at 30°C during their larval stage had more (Z)-3-nonenol and, also, an unknown compound was detected. The fecundity of the females was higher at low temperatures. Regarding fertility, no significant differences were found between temperatures. The optimal temperature on pupa development was 25°C when males displayed ideal attributes for rearing purposes.

Chavarria G., Zart M., Botton M., Santos H.P., Marodin G.A.

A mosca-das-frutas sul-americana, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae), é considerada praga-chave das fruteiras de clima temperado na região Sul do Brasil. No entanto, poucas informações encontram-se disponíveis quando a espécie está associada à cultura da videira. Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito da cobertura plástica sobre a população de adultos de A. fraterculus durante o ciclo de cultivo da videira cv. Moscato Giallo. O experimento foi conduzido nos ciclos de 2005/06 e 2006/07, em vinhedo comercial localizado em Flores da Cunha-RS (latitude 29° 06' sul, longitude 51° 20' oeste e altitude de 541 m), coberto com plástico impermeável tipo ráfia (160 µm) de 12 fileiras com 35 m, deixando-se cinco fileiras sem cobertura (controle). Os adultos foram monitorados nas duas áreas com armadilhas McPhail, utilizando-se como atrativo de proteína hidrolisada (BioAnastrepha®) a 5%, no período de outubro a abril, nos dois ciclos. O pico populacional da espécie, nos dois ciclos, foi observado no período de maturação da uva. Não foram registradas diferenças significativas nas capturas entre as áreas, concluindo-se que a cobertura plástica não afeta a mobilidade e a flutuação populacional de A. fraterculus em cultivo protegido de videira.

Chiaradia L.A., Milanez J.M., Dittrich R.

As moscas-das-frutas (Diptera, Tephritidae) causam danos econômicos em muitas frutíferas. Para conhecer a flutuação populacional destas moscas em pomares de citros da região Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil, e estudar as interferências de fatores climáticos sobre estes insetos, cinco frascos "caça-mosca", tendo vinagre de vinho tinto a 25% como atrativo, foram semanalmente instalados em dois pomares de laranjeiras da variedade Valência, em Águas de Chapecó e Chapecó, no período de outubro de 1999 a setembro de 2001. As moscas capturadas nas armadilhas foram triadas no Laboratório de Fitossanidade da Epagri de Chapecó. Análises de correlação e regressão polinomial foram realizadas entre o número mensal de moscas do gênero Anastrepha e os dados mensais de precipitação pluviométrica, insolação, umidade relativa do ar, velocidade do vento e temperatura ambiente. Temperatura máxima e mínima mostraram interferir na população destas moscas mais do que os outros fatores climáticos. O número mensal acumulado de moscas capturadas foi submetido à análise de regressão não linear, que revelou picos de captura destes insetos de março a junho. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) predominou sobre outras espécies de moscas-das-frutas.