Yeast-contaminated water as a potential emerging health concern: a review

Invasive fungal infections pose a serious risk to human health; therefore, it is important to study the dissemination and proliferation of pathogenic fungal species in the environment. This could prove useful in preventing infections in susceptible individuals, such as those who are immune-compromised or suppressed. Pathogenic yeasts belonging to the genera Candida, Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula are commonly found in various water sources that are used for daily activities and are included in the World Health Organization fungal priority pathogens list, further warranting investigation into the possibility that infections may occur through contact with yeast-contaminated water. In addition, the close association between antifungal pollutants and yeast in water may induce acquired antifungal resistance development, further complicating the effective treatment of these infections. Thus, investigating the presence and antifungal susceptibility of yeast found in water and identifying ways to monitor potential fungal pathogens may prove useful in combating invasive fungal infections. This review deals with the occurrence and infection risks posed by pathogenic yeasts in water as well as the possibility of these yeasts acquiring antifungal resistance due to the simultaneous presence of antifungal compounds from medical and agricultural runoff.