Balancing predictability and flexibility through operation volume-constrained visual flight rule operations in low altitude airspaces

The advancement in uncrewed aircraft systems such as small drones and advanced air mobility vehicles such as Electric Vertical Take Off and Landing aircraft (eVTOL) has called for airspace integration at low altitudes of both traditional aircraft, such as helicopters and new entrants, such as drones and eVTOL. Currently, the trajectories and necessary buffers around them of flights operating under visual flight rules are not possible to predict. This research proposes the use of flight mission characteristics to model the trajectory and evaluates temporal, lateral and vertical deviations to define the safety buffers which can be used to generate operation volumes, geo-fencing such low-altitude flights and separating them from other traffic in a safe and efficient manner. Real flight test data obtained for the purposes of this study and pilots’ interviews assure high fidelity and practicability of the proposal.