Effect of Protective Coatings on Post-Fire Performance and Behavior of Mild Steel-Based Cold-Formed Steel Back-to-Back Channel Columns with Bolted Connections

Varun Sabu Sam ¹

Anand Nammalvar ¹

Andrainik Iswarary ¹

Diana Andrushia ²

Beulah Gnana Ananthi Gurupatham ³

Guy L. Clifton ⁴

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Department of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, India |

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, India |

Division of Structural Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India |

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School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand |

Publication type: Journal Article

Publication date: 2025-03-10

MDPI

Journal: Fire

scimago Q1

wos Q1

SJR: 0.566

CiteScore: 3.1

Impact factor: 3

ISSN: 25716255

DOI: 10.3390/fire8030107

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Abstract

This study investigates the buckling performance of built-up cold-formed steel (CFS) columns, with a focus on how different thermal exposures and cooling strategies influence their susceptibility to various failure mechanisms. Addressing the gap in the literature on the fire behavior of mild steel (MS)-based CFS columns, the research aims to provide new insights. Compression tests were conducted on MS-based CFS column specimens after they were exposed to fire, to assess their post-fire buckling strength. The columns were subjected to controlled fire conditions following standardized protocols and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The study examined axial load-bearing capacity and deformation characteristics under elevated temperatures. To improve fire resistance, protective coatings—gypsum, perlite, and vermiculite—were applied to certain specimens before testing, and their performance was compared to that of uncoated specimens. A comprehensive finite element analysis (FEA) was also performed to model the structural response under different thermal and cooling scenarios, providing a detailed comparison of the coating effectiveness, which was validated against experimental results. The findings revealed significant variations in axial strength and failure mechanisms based on the type of fire-resistant coating used, as well as the heating and cooling durations. Among the coated specimens, those treated with perlite showed the best performance. For example, the air-cooled perlite-coated column (MBC2AC) retained a load capacity of 277.9 kN after 60 min of heating, a reduction of only 6.0% compared to the unheated reference section (MBREF). This performance was superior to that of the gypsum-coated (MBC1AC) and vermiculite-coated (MBC3AC) specimens, which showed reductions of 3.6% and 7.9% more, respectively. These results highlight the potential of perlite coatings to enhance the fire resistance of CFS columns, offering valuable insights for structural fire design.