Open Access
Open access
MDPI
Toxics
,  volume 13 ,  issue 3 ,  pages 176

Oxidative and Molecular–Structural Alterations of Spermatozoa in Swine and Ram Exposed to the Triazole Ipconazole

Cristian Falero 1
, 
Wilfredo Huanca 2
, 
Luis M Barrios Arpi 3
, 
Boris Lira-Mejía 3
, 
Olger Ramos-Coaguila 1
, 
Edith Torres 4
, 
Eva Ramos 5
, 
Alejandro Romero 5
, 
Mariella Ramos-Gonzalez 1
1
 
2
 
3
 
4
 
Reproduction Laboratory, School of Veterinary and Zootecnic Medicine, Jorge Basadre Grohmann University, Tacna 23001, Peru | 
5
 
Publication type: Journal Article
Publication date: 2025-02-28
MDPI
scimago Q1
wos Q1
SJR: 1.012
CiteScore: 6.4
Impact factor: 4.1
ISSN: 23056304
Abstract

Triazole pesticides are widely used throughout the world, but their abuse causes toxic effects in non-targeted organisms. In the present study, the cytotoxic effect of the triazole ipconazole was evaluated in porcine and ram spermatozoa. Ipconazole significantly reduced sperm viability, increased ROS levels, altered catalase and SOD enzyme activity, and caused alterations in the molecular mRNA expression of structural biomarkers (PRM1, ODF2, AKAP4, THEG, SPACA3 and CLGN) related to fertility in males, as well as the overexpression of BAX (cell death) and ROMO1 (oxidative stress) mRNA. Our results indicate that the fungicide triazole is involved in cellular, enzymatic and molecular alteration of porcine and ram spermatozoa, and is possibly a factor in the development of infertility in male mammals.

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GOST |
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GOST Copy
Falero C. et al. Oxidative and Molecular–Structural Alterations of Spermatozoa in Swine and Ram Exposed to the Triazole Ipconazole // Toxics. 2025. Vol. 13. No. 3. p. 176.
GOST all authors (up to 50) Copy
Falero C., Huanca W., Barrios Arpi L. M., Lira-Mejía B., Ramos-Coaguila O., Torres E., Ramos E., Romero A., Ramos-Gonzalez M. Oxidative and Molecular–Structural Alterations of Spermatozoa in Swine and Ram Exposed to the Triazole Ipconazole // Toxics. 2025. Vol. 13. No. 3. p. 176.
RIS |
Cite this
RIS Copy
TY - JOUR
DO - 10.3390/toxics13030176
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/3/176
TI - Oxidative and Molecular–Structural Alterations of Spermatozoa in Swine and Ram Exposed to the Triazole Ipconazole
T2 - Toxics
AU - Falero, Cristian
AU - Huanca, Wilfredo
AU - Barrios Arpi, Luis M
AU - Lira-Mejía, Boris
AU - Ramos-Coaguila, Olger
AU - Torres, Edith
AU - Ramos, Eva
AU - Romero, Alejandro
AU - Ramos-Gonzalez, Mariella
PY - 2025
DA - 2025/02/28
PB - MDPI
SP - 176
IS - 3
VL - 13
SN - 2305-6304
ER -
BibTex |
Cite this
BibTex (up to 50 authors) Copy
@article{2025_Falero,
author = {Cristian Falero and Wilfredo Huanca and Luis M Barrios Arpi and Boris Lira-Mejía and Olger Ramos-Coaguila and Edith Torres and Eva Ramos and Alejandro Romero and Mariella Ramos-Gonzalez},
title = {Oxidative and Molecular–Structural Alterations of Spermatozoa in Swine and Ram Exposed to the Triazole Ipconazole},
journal = {Toxics},
year = {2025},
volume = {13},
publisher = {MDPI},
month = {feb},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/3/176},
number = {3},
pages = {176},
doi = {10.3390/toxics13030176}
}
MLA
Cite this
MLA Copy
Falero, Cristian, et al. “Oxidative and Molecular–Structural Alterations of Spermatozoa in Swine and Ram Exposed to the Triazole Ipconazole.” Toxics, vol. 13, no. 3, Feb. 2025, p. 176. https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/3/176.