Misunderstanding Flight Part 2: Epistemology and the Philosophy of Science

Flight has become a common everyday occurrence. We have engineered ever more efficient and reliable aircraft, facilitating safe transportation around the world. However, from the education literature on the topic of lift, online discussions, and YouTube, it becomes apparent that there are underlying pedagogical issues. The 2003 New York Times article by Chang and the 2020 Scientific American article by Regis conclude that no one really understands flight. These claims are made without regard for the underpinning science and engineering responsible for the modern aviation industry. Although, it does beg the question, why is there confusion about how wings work? Several factors have conspired together, resulting in this confusion. Fluid mechanics is a complex topic that stumped legends of physics and mathematics for centuries. It also contains paradoxes, exacerbating the complexity. However, the central thesis of this work is that knowledge about aerodynamics is not easy to construct due to two main factors. First, there are epistemological traps that directly lead to fallacious conclusions. Second, representativeness heuristics incorrectly apply behaviors of visible water to invisible air. While many assume they know how wings work, if they do not understand why there is confusion, rather than dismissing it, confusion will endure.