Open Access

Molecules, volume 25, issue 1, pages 3

Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies

Fadwa Odeh ^{1, 2}

Hamdi Nsairat ¹

Walhan Alshaer ³

Mohammad A. Ismail ⁴

Ezaldeen Esawi ⁴

Bara'a Qaqish ⁴

Abeer Al Bawab ^{1, 2}

Said I Ismail ^{4, 5}

Hide authors affiliations Show authors affiliations: 5 affiliations

Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan |

Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan |

Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan |

⁴

Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan |

⁵

Qatar Genome Project, Qatar Foundation, Doha 5825, Qatar |

Publication type: Journal Article

Publication date: 2019-12-18

Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

Journal: Molecules

Quartile SCImago

Quartile WOS

Impact factor: 4.6

ISSN: 14203049, 14203049

DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010003

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Organic Chemistry

Drug Discovery

Physical and Theoretical Chemistry

Pharmaceutical Science

Molecular Medicine

Analytical Chemistry

Chemistry (miscellaneous)

Abstract

Soon after they were first described in 1990, aptamers were largely recognized as a new class of biological ligands that can rival antibodies in various analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Aptamers are short single-stranded RNA or DNA oligonucleotides capable of folding into complex 3D structures, enabling them to bind to a large variety of targets ranging from small ions to an entire organism. Their high binding specificity and affinity make them comparable to antibodies, but they are superior regarding a longer shelf life, simple production and chemical modification, in addition to low toxicity and immunogenicity. In the past three decades, aptamers have been used in a plethora of therapeutics and drug delivery systems that involve innovative delivery mechanisms and carrying various types of drug cargos. However, the successful translation of aptamer research from bench to bedside has been challenged by several limitations that slow down the realization of promising aptamer applications as therapeutics at the clinical level. The main limitations include the susceptibility to degradation by nucleases, fast renal clearance, low thermal stability, and the limited functional group diversity. The solution to overcome such limitations lies in the chemistry of aptamers. The current review will focus on the recent arts of aptamer chemistry that have been evolved to refine the pharmacological properties of aptamers. Moreover, this review will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of such chemical modifications and how they impact the pharmacological properties of aptamers. Finally, this review will summarize the conjugation strategies of aptamers to nanocarriers for developing targeted drug delivery systems.

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Citations by journals

	2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
International Journal of Molecular Sciences	International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17, 7.3% International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17 publications, 7.3%
Pharmaceutics	Pharmaceutics, 7, 3% Pharmaceutics 7 publications, 3%
Molecules	Molecules, 6, 2.58% Molecules 6 publications, 2.58%
Frontiers in Pharmacology	Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4, 1.72% Frontiers in Pharmacology 4 publications, 1.72%
Biomedicines	Biomedicines, 4, 1.72% Biomedicines 4 publications, 1.72%
Biosensors	Biosensors, 4, 1.72% Biosensors 4 publications, 1.72%
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics	Nucleic Acid Therapeutics, 3, 1.29% Nucleic Acid Therapeutics 3 publications, 1.29%
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology	Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 3, 1.29% Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 3 publications, 1.29%
Chemosensors	Chemosensors, 3, 1.29% Chemosensors 3 publications, 1.29%
Sensors	Sensors, 3, 1.29% Sensors 3 publications, 1.29%
Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids	Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids, 3, 1.29% Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids 3 publications, 1.29%
Analytica Chimica Acta	Analytica Chimica Acta, 3, 1.29% Analytica Chimica Acta 3 publications, 1.29%
Talanta	Talanta, 3, 1.29% Talanta 3 publications, 1.29%
Biosensors and Bioelectronics	Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 3, 1.29% Biosensors and Bioelectronics 3 publications, 1.29%
Bioconjugate Chemistry	Bioconjugate Chemistry, 3, 1.29% Bioconjugate Chemistry 3 publications, 1.29%
Methods in Molecular Biology	Methods in Molecular Biology, 3, 1.29% Methods in Molecular Biology 3 publications, 1.29%
Microchimica Acta	Microchimica Acta, 3, 1.29% Microchimica Acta 3 publications, 1.29%
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery	Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 3, 1.29% Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 3 publications, 1.29%
Analytical Chemistry	Analytical Chemistry, 2, 0.86% Analytical Chemistry 2 publications, 0.86%
Diagnostics	Diagnostics, 2, 0.86% Diagnostics 2 publications, 0.86%
Micromachines	Micromachines, 2, 0.86% Micromachines 2 publications, 0.86%
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology	Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2, 0.86% Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2 publications, 0.86%
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology	World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2, 0.86% World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2 publications, 0.86%
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry	Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2, 0.86% Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2 publications, 0.86%
Molecular Biotechnology	Molecular Biotechnology, 2, 0.86% Molecular Biotechnology 2 publications, 0.86%
Environmental Research	Environmental Research, 2, 0.86% Environmental Research 2 publications, 0.86%
Molecular Therapy	Molecular Therapy, 2, 0.86% Molecular Therapy 2 publications, 0.86%
European Journal of Pharmacology	European Journal of Pharmacology, 2, 0.86% European Journal of Pharmacology 2 publications, 0.86%
Bioengineering & Translational Medicine	Bioengineering & Translational Medicine, 2, 0.86% Bioengineering & Translational Medicine 2 publications, 0.86%
	2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Citations by publishers

	10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Elsevier	Elsevier, 64, 27.47% Elsevier 64 publications, 27.47%
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 60, 25.75% Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 60 publications, 25.75%
Springer Nature	Springer Nature, 20, 8.58% Springer Nature 20 publications, 8.58%
Wiley	Wiley, 16, 6.87% Wiley 16 publications, 6.87%
American Chemical Society (ACS)	American Chemical Society (ACS), 12, 5.15% American Chemical Society (ACS) 12 publications, 5.15%
Frontiers Media S.A.	Frontiers Media S.A., 11, 4.72% Frontiers Media S.A. 11 publications, 4.72%
Taylor & Francis	Taylor & Francis, 8, 3.43% Taylor & Francis 8 publications, 3.43%
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)	Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 7, 3% Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 7 publications, 3%
Bentham Science	Bentham Science, 4, 1.72% Bentham Science 4 publications, 1.72%
Mary Ann Liebert	Mary Ann Liebert, 3, 1.29% Mary Ann Liebert 3 publications, 1.29%
Pleiades Publishing	Pleiades Publishing, 2, 0.86% Pleiades Publishing 2 publications, 0.86%
Open Exploration Publishing	Open Exploration Publishing, 2, 0.86% Open Exploration Publishing 2 publications, 0.86%
Future Medicine	Future Medicine, 2, 0.86% Future Medicine 2 publications, 0.86%
Beilstein-Institut	Beilstein-Institut, 1, 0.43% Beilstein-Institut 1 publication, 0.43%
American Institute of Physics (AIP)	American Institute of Physics (AIP), 1, 0.43% American Institute of Physics (AIP) 1 publication, 0.43%
SAGE	SAGE, 1, 0.43% SAGE 1 publication, 0.43%
King Saud University	King Saud University, 1, 0.43% King Saud University 1 publication, 0.43%
KeAi Communications Co.	KeAi Communications Co., 1, 0.43% KeAi Communications Co. 1 publication, 0.43%
Cairo University	Cairo University, 1, 0.43% Cairo University 1 publication, 0.43%
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1, 0.43% Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1 publication, 0.43%
Walter de Gruyter	Walter de Gruyter, 1, 0.43% Walter de Gruyter 1 publication, 0.43%
Public Library of Science (PLoS)	Public Library of Science (PLoS), 1, 0.43% Public Library of Science (PLoS) 1 publication, 0.43%
All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection	All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 1, 0.43% All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection 1 publication, 0.43%
Research Square Platform LLC	Research Square Platform LLC, 1, 0.43% Research Square Platform LLC 1 publication, 0.43%
Moscow University Press	Moscow University Press, 1, 0.43% Moscow University Press 1 publication, 0.43%
Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii	Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii, 1, 0.43% Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii 1 publication, 0.43%
The University of Jordan	The University of Jordan, 1, 0.43% The University of Jordan 1 publication, 0.43%
Allerton Press	Allerton Press, 1, 0.43% Allerton Press 1 publication, 0.43%
Oxford University Press	Oxford University Press, 1, 0.43% Oxford University Press 1 publication, 0.43%
	10 20 30 40 50 60 70

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Odeh F. et al. Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies // Molecules. 2019. Vol. 25. No. 1. p. 3.

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Odeh F., Nsairat H., Alshaer W., Ismail M. A., Esawi E., Qaqish B., Al Bawab A., Ismail S. I. Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies // Molecules. 2019. Vol. 25. No. 1. p. 3.

RIS |

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RIS Copy

TY - JOUR

DO - 10.3390/molecules25010003

UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010003

TI - Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies

T2 - Molecules

AU - Odeh, Fadwa

AU - Ismail, Mohammad A.

AU - Esawi, Ezaldeen

AU - Qaqish, Bara'a

AU - Ismail, Said I

AU - Nsairat, Hamdi

AU - Alshaer, Walhan

AU - Al Bawab, Abeer

PY - 2019

DA - 2019/12/18 00:00:00

PB - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

SP - 3

IS - 1

VL - 25

SN - 1420-3049

ER -

BibTex |

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BibTex Copy

@article{2019_Odeh,

author = {Fadwa Odeh and Mohammad A. Ismail and Ezaldeen Esawi and Bara'a Qaqish and Said I Ismail and Hamdi Nsairat and Walhan Alshaer and Abeer Al Bawab},

title = {Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies},

journal = {Molecules},

year = {2019},

volume = {25},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

month = {dec},

url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010003},

number = {1},

pages = {3},

doi = {10.3390/molecules25010003}

}

MLA

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MLA Copy

Odeh, Fadwa, et al. “Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies.” Molecules, vol. 25, no. 1, Dec. 2019, p. 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010003.

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Publisher

Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

Journal

Molecules

Quartile SCImago

Quartile WOS

Impact factor

4.6

ISSN

14203049 (Print)
14203049 (Electronic)