Exploring the Legal Framework of Artificial Reproduction in Ethiopia: Regulations, Challenges, and Prospects

single women, and Sweden permits married or cohabitating couples.Anonymity for sperm donors varies, with Japan and France allowing full anonymity, whereas the United Kingdom and Germany do not.In some countries, like Portugal and Finland, individuals born from donated sperm can learn the donor's identity at age 18. Nations also impose limits on sperm donors, with Finnish donors allowed unlimited children but limited to five families, while Austria and Hong Kong strictly limit donors to three children.Compensation for sperm donors varies by law, with some countries like Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Norway limiting compensation to donationrelated expenses, while others such as Denmark have specified ranges or set levels, like Portugal.In the United States, compensation policies vary based on the donor, recipient, and circumstances. 4 IntroductIonArtificial or assisted reproductive technology (ART) involves numerous stakeholders, each with distinct concerns.Clients may inquire about parenthood or avoiding hereditary conditions.Surrogates or gamete providers consider financial needs and altruistic motives.Clinicians aim to leverage expertise for patient care and career advancement.Clinics and agents assess profitability.Religious leaders contemplate adherence to divine will.Governments face the challenge of balancing competing interests and resolving legal disputes regarding parentage, inheritance, marriage, and citizenship. 1rtificial or assisted reproductive technology has enabled the dissociation of child conception from heterosexual intercourse, facilitating the formation of families without genetic ties.In response, states have implemented regulatory mechanisms to address perceived moral and societal risks inherent in ART. 2 The legal landscape of ART varies across jurisdictions, typically permitting married women access to the procedure in countries where it is practiced.However, discrepancies arise regarding the provision of services for cohabitants and single women, gamete donation and surrogacy regulations, limits on sperm donations, anonymity, and compensation, as well as considerations for children's rights and welfare.Muslim countries like the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Egypt, and Turkey prohibit gamete donation, surrogacy, and restrict assisted reproductive (AR) services to married couples, excluding cohabitants and single women.In contrast, Germany prohibits human egg donations and surrogacy but permits sperm donations and AR services for unmarried couples in exceptional cases. 3n countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, anyone can receive donated sperm, while Cyprus and Israel allow