Innovative nanomaterials revolutionizing clinical biosensor development: a review

Nanomaterial-based biosensors have advanced rapidly as transformative technology in clinical diagnostics, offering unparalleled sensitivity, selectivity and versatility. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest developments in biosensors incorporating nanostructured materials, with a focus on their clinical applications. We discuss the wide variety of nanomaterials used in biosensor production, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots and two-dimensional materials like graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides. Furthermore, we examine how these nanomaterials are integrated into different biosensing platforms, including electrochemical, optical, and surface plasmon resonance sensors. We emphasize their ability to rapidly and accurately detect clinically relevant biomarkers and analytes. The review offers an in-depth evaluation of the current state of nanostructured biosensor technology and pinpoints critical areas for future research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.The bibliography includes 275 references.