Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology

Short name

ICT

Country, city

Germany, Karlsruhe

03nb1x490

Organization website

Publications

965

Citations

17 401

h-index

Top-3 journals

Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics (139 publications)

Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik (85 publications)

ECS Meeting Abstracts (71 publications)

Top-3 organizations

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (180 publications)

University of New South Wales (22 publications)

University of Stuttgart (19 publications)

Top-3 foreign organizations

University of New South Wales (22 publications)

Grenoble Alpes University (11 publications)

Western University (9 publications)

Publication title from chars

Publisher

Journal

Field of science

Countries

Open access

SCImago

WOS

Since

For

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By citations

Publications found: 0

Since 1989

Total publications

965

Total citations

17401

Citations per publication

18.03

Average publications per year

26.81

Average authors per publication

4.87

h-index

Metrics description

h-index

A scientist has an h-index if h of his N publications are cited at least h times each, while the remaining (N - h) publications are cited no more than h times each.

https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.0507655102

Top-30

Fields of science

	50 100 150 200 250 300 350
General Chemistry	General Chemistry, 338, 13.81% General Chemistry 338 publications, 13.81%
General Chemical Engineering	General Chemical Engineering, 308, 12.59% General Chemical Engineering 308 publications, 12.59%
Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering	Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 129, 5.27% Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering 129 publications, 5.27%
Condensed Matter Physics	Condensed Matter Physics, 122, 4.99% Condensed Matter Physics 122 publications, 4.99%
General Materials Science	General Materials Science, 97, 3.96% General Materials Science 97 publications, 3.96%
Materials Chemistry	Materials Chemistry, 89, 3.64% Materials Chemistry 89 publications, 3.64%
Mechanics of Materials	Mechanics of Materials, 85, 3.47% Mechanics of Materials 85 publications, 3.47%
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment	Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, 79, 3.23% Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment 79 publications, 3.23%
Mechanical Engineering	Mechanical Engineering, 78, 3.19% Mechanical Engineering 78 publications, 3.19%
Polymers and Plastics	Polymers and Plastics, 73, 2.98% Polymers and Plastics 73 publications, 2.98%
Energy Engineering and Power Technology	Energy Engineering and Power Technology, 72, 2.94% Energy Engineering and Power Technology 72 publications, 2.94%
Ceramics and Composites	Ceramics and Composites, 68, 2.78% Ceramics and Composites 68 publications, 2.78%
General Environmental Science	General Environmental Science, 67, 2.74% General Environmental Science 67 publications, 2.74%
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry	Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 66, 2.7% Physical and Theoretical Chemistry 66 publications, 2.7%
General Earth and Planetary Sciences	General Earth and Planetary Sciences, 65, 2.66% General Earth and Planetary Sciences 65 publications, 2.66%
General Medicine	General Medicine, 61, 2.49% General Medicine 61 publications, 2.49%
Electrical and Electronic Engineering	Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 59, 2.41% Electrical and Electronic Engineering 59 publications, 2.41%
Organic Chemistry	Organic Chemistry, 49, 2% Organic Chemistry 49 publications, 2%
Electrochemistry	Electrochemistry, 49, 2% Electrochemistry 49 publications, 2%
Surfaces, Coatings and Films	Surfaces, Coatings and Films, 36, 1.47% Surfaces, Coatings and Films 36 publications, 1.47%
Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials	Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 29, 1.19% Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials 29 publications, 1.19%
Metals and Alloys	Metals and Alloys, 27, 1.1% Metals and Alloys 27 publications, 1.1%
Analytical Chemistry	Analytical Chemistry, 23, 0.94% Analytical Chemistry 23 publications, 0.94%
Engineering (miscellaneous)	Engineering (miscellaneous), 22, 0.9% Engineering (miscellaneous) 22 publications, 0.9%
Catalysis	Catalysis, 21, 0.86% Catalysis 21 publications, 0.86%
Environmental Chemistry	Environmental Chemistry, 19, 0.78% Environmental Chemistry 19 publications, 0.78%
Instrumentation	Instrumentation, 18, 0.74% Instrumentation 18 publications, 0.74%
General Physics and Astronomy	General Physics and Astronomy, 14, 0.57% General Physics and Astronomy 14 publications, 0.57%
Fuel Technology	Fuel Technology, 14, 0.57% Fuel Technology 14 publications, 0.57%
Inorganic Chemistry	Inorganic Chemistry, 13, 0.53% Inorganic Chemistry 13 publications, 0.53%
	50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Journals

	20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics	Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 139, 14.4% Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 139 publications, 14.4%
Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik	Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik, 85, 8.81% Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik 85 publications, 8.81%
ECS Meeting Abstracts	ECS Meeting Abstracts, 71, 7.36% ECS Meeting Abstracts 71 publications, 7.36%
Journal of Power Sources	Journal of Power Sources, 32, 3.32% Journal of Power Sources 32 publications, 3.32%
ECS Transactions	ECS Transactions, 25, 2.59% ECS Transactions 25 publications, 2.59%
Materials Science Forum	Materials Science Forum, 23, 2.38% Materials Science Forum 23 publications, 2.38%
Electrochimica Acta	Electrochimica Acta, 16, 1.66% Electrochimica Acta 16 publications, 1.66%
AIP Conference Proceedings	AIP Conference Proceedings, 16, 1.66% AIP Conference Proceedings 16 publications, 1.66%
Chemical Engineering and Technology	Chemical Engineering and Technology, 14, 1.45% Chemical Engineering and Technology 14 publications, 1.45%
Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering	Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 14, 1.45% Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 14 publications, 1.45%
Journal of Composites Science	Journal of Composites Science, 14, 1.45% Journal of Composites Science 14 publications, 1.45%
International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion	International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion, 13, 1.35% International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 13 publications, 1.35%
Composites - Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing	Composites - Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 13, 1.35% Composites - Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 13 publications, 1.35%
Journal of the Electrochemical Society	Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 11, 1.14% Journal of the Electrochemical Society 11 publications, 1.14%
Polymers	Polymers, 10, 1.04% Polymers 10 publications, 1.04%
Energies	Energies, 10, 1.04% Energies 10 publications, 1.04%
Chemical Engineering Journal	Chemical Engineering Journal, 9, 0.93% Chemical Engineering Journal 9 publications, 0.93%
Fuel Cells	Fuel Cells, 8, 0.83% Fuel Cells 8 publications, 0.83%
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 8, 0.83% International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 8 publications, 0.83%
Energy Technology	Energy Technology, 8, 0.83% Energy Technology 8 publications, 0.83%
Composite Structures	Composite Structures, 8, 0.83% Composite Structures 8 publications, 0.83%
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry	Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 8, 0.83% Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 8 publications, 0.83%
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry	The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 8, 0.83% The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 8 publications, 0.83%
Procedia CIRP	Procedia CIRP, 7, 0.73% Procedia CIRP 7 publications, 0.73%
Particle and Particle Systems Characterization	Particle and Particle Systems Characterization, 7, 0.73% Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 publications, 0.73%
Thermochimica Acta	Thermochimica Acta, 7, 0.73% Thermochimica Acta 7 publications, 0.73%
Journal of Applied Polymer Science	Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 6, 0.62% Journal of Applied Polymer Science 6 publications, 0.62%
Advanced Functional Materials	Advanced Functional Materials, 6, 0.62% Advanced Functional Materials 6 publications, 0.62%
Surface and Coatings Technology	Surface and Coatings Technology, 6, 0.62% Surface and Coatings Technology 6 publications, 0.62%
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry	Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 6, 0.62% Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 6 publications, 0.62%
	20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Publishers

	50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Wiley	Wiley, 341, 35.34% Wiley 341 publications, 35.34%
Elsevier	Elsevier, 221, 22.9% Elsevier 221 publications, 22.9%
The Electrochemical Society	The Electrochemical Society, 107, 11.09% The Electrochemical Society 107 publications, 11.09%
Springer Nature	Springer Nature, 62, 6.42% Springer Nature 62 publications, 6.42%
MDPI	MDPI, 57, 5.91% MDPI 57 publications, 5.91%
Trans Tech Publications	Trans Tech Publications, 31, 3.21% Trans Tech Publications 31 publications, 3.21%
American Chemical Society (ACS)	American Chemical Society (ACS), 22, 2.28% American Chemical Society (ACS) 22 publications, 2.28%
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)	Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 22, 2.28% Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 22 publications, 2.28%
AIP Publishing	AIP Publishing, 16, 1.66% AIP Publishing 16 publications, 1.66%
SAGE	SAGE, 15, 1.55% SAGE 15 publications, 1.55%
SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng	SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng, 15, 1.55% SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng 15 publications, 1.55%
Begell House	Begell House, 13, 1.35% Begell House 13 publications, 1.35%
Taylor & Francis	Taylor & Francis, 9, 0.93% Taylor & Francis 9 publications, 0.93%
Walter de Gruyter	Walter de Gruyter, 6, 0.62% Walter de Gruyter 6 publications, 0.62%
EDP Sciences	EDP Sciences, 5, 0.52% EDP Sciences 5 publications, 0.52%
IOP Publishing	IOP Publishing, 5, 0.52% IOP Publishing 5 publications, 0.52%
International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)	International Union of Crystallography (IUCr), 2, 0.21% International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) 2 publications, 0.21%
Society of Rheology	Society of Rheology, 2, 0.21% Society of Rheology 2 publications, 0.21%
Hindawi Limited	Hindawi Limited, 2, 0.21% Hindawi Limited 2 publications, 0.21%
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2, 0.21% Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 2 publications, 0.21%
SAE International	SAE International, 2, 0.21% SAE International 2 publications, 0.21%
Cambridge University Press	Cambridge University Press, 1, 0.1% Cambridge University Press 1 publication, 0.1%
Pleiades Publishing	Pleiades Publishing, 1, 0.1% Pleiades Publishing 1 publication, 0.1%
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)	American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1, 0.1% American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) 1 publication, 0.1%
North Carolina University	North Carolina University, 1, 0.1% North Carolina University 1 publication, 0.1%
American Association for Clinical Chemistry	American Association for Clinical Chemistry, 1, 0.1% American Association for Clinical Chemistry 1 publication, 0.1%
CSIRO Publishing	CSIRO Publishing, 1, 0.1% CSIRO Publishing 1 publication, 0.1%
IGI Global	IGI Global, 1, 0.1% IGI Global 1 publication, 0.1%
Universidade Federal de São Carlos	Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 1, 0.1% Universidade Federal de São Carlos 1 publication, 0.1%
	50 100 150 200 250 300 350

With other organizations

	20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology	Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 180, 24% Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 180 publications, 24%
University of New South Wales	University of New South Wales, 22, 2.93% University of New South Wales 22 publications, 2.93%
University of Stuttgart	University of Stuttgart, 19, 2.53% University of Stuttgart 19 publications, 2.53%
University of Bayreuth	University of Bayreuth, 13, 1.73% University of Bayreuth 13 publications, 1.73%
Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg	Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 13, 1.73% Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg 13 publications, 1.73%
Freiberg University of Mining and Technology	Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, 12, 1.6% Freiberg University of Mining and Technology 12 publications, 1.6%
Grenoble Alpes University	Grenoble Alpes University, 11, 1.47% Grenoble Alpes University 11 publications, 1.47%
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich	Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 11, 1.47% Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 11 publications, 1.47%
Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials	Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials, 11, 1.47% Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials 11 publications, 1.47%
Technical University of Darmstadt	Technical University of Darmstadt, 11, 1.47% Technical University of Darmstadt 11 publications, 1.47%
University of Augsburg	University of Augsburg, 11, 1.47% University of Augsburg 11 publications, 1.47%
Technical University of Munich	Technical University of Munich, 10, 1.33% Technical University of Munich 10 publications, 1.33%
Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques	Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques, 10, 1.33% Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques 10 publications, 1.33%
Western University	Western University, 9, 1.2% Western University 9 publications, 1.2%
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics	Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, 8, 1.07% Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics 8 publications, 1.07%
Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems	Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, 8, 1.07% Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems 8 publications, 1.07%
Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics	Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics, 8, 1.07% Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics 8 publications, 1.07%
Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology	Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology, 8, 1.07% Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology 8 publications, 1.07%
Ulm University	Ulm University, 8, 1.07% Ulm University 8 publications, 1.07%
National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development	National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, 7, 0.93% National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development 7 publications, 0.93%
Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability	Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, 7, 0.93% Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability 7 publications, 0.93%
Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology	Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 7, 0.93% Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology 7 publications, 0.93%
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University	National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 6, 0.8% National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University 6 publications, 0.8%
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research	Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, 6, 0.8% Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research 6 publications, 0.8%
German Aerospace Center	German Aerospace Center, 6, 0.8% German Aerospace Center 6 publications, 0.8%
Mannheim University of Applied Sciences	Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 6, 0.8% Mannheim University of Applied Sciences 6 publications, 0.8%
Tomsk State University	Tomsk State University, 5, 0.67% Tomsk State University 5 publications, 0.67%
ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences	ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 5, 0.67% ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences 5 publications, 0.67%
University of Pisa	University of Pisa, 5, 0.67% University of Pisa 5 publications, 0.67%
Helmholtz-Institute Ulm	Helmholtz-Institute Ulm, 5, 0.67% Helmholtz-Institute Ulm 5 publications, 0.67%
	20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

With foreign organizations

	5 10 15 20 25
University of New South Wales	University of New South Wales, 22, 9.87% University of New South Wales 22 publications, 9.87%
Grenoble Alpes University	Grenoble Alpes University, 11, 4.93% Grenoble Alpes University 11 publications, 4.93%
Western University	Western University, 9, 4.04% Western University 9 publications, 4.04%
National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development	National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, 7, 3.14% National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development 7 publications, 3.14%
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University	National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 6, 2.69% National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University 6 publications, 2.69%
Tomsk State University	Tomsk State University, 5, 2.24% Tomsk State University 5 publications, 2.24%
ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences	ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 5, 2.24% ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences 5 publications, 2.24%
University of Pisa	University of Pisa, 5, 2.24% University of Pisa 5 publications, 2.24%
University of Waterloo	University of Waterloo, 5, 2.24% University of Waterloo 5 publications, 2.24%
University of Lorraine	University of Lorraine, 4, 1.79% University of Lorraine 4 publications, 1.79%
University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague	University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 4, 1.79% University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 4 publications, 1.79%
Bar-Ilan University	Bar-Ilan University, 3, 1.35% Bar-Ilan University 3 publications, 1.35%
ETH Zurich	ETH Zurich, 3, 1.35% ETH Zurich 3 publications, 1.35%
Sapienza University of Rome	Sapienza University of Rome, 3, 1.35% Sapienza University of Rome 3 publications, 1.35%
University of Bern	University of Bern, 3, 1.35% University of Bern 3 publications, 1.35%
University of Padua	University of Padua, 3, 1.35% University of Padua 3 publications, 1.35%
George Washington University	George Washington University, 3, 1.35% George Washington University 3 publications, 1.35%
Democritus University of Thrace	Democritus University of Thrace, 3, 1.35% Democritus University of Thrace 3 publications, 1.35%
Warsaw University of Technology	Warsaw University of Technology, 3, 1.35% Warsaw University of Technology 3 publications, 1.35%
Cranfield University	Cranfield University, 3, 1.35% Cranfield University 3 publications, 1.35%
National Institute for Aerospace Technology	National Institute for Aerospace Technology, 3, 1.35% National Institute for Aerospace Technology 3 publications, 1.35%
Lomonosov Moscow State University	Lomonosov Moscow State University, 2, 0.9% Lomonosov Moscow State University 2 publications, 0.9%
N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences	N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, 0.9% N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 2 publications, 0.9%
N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences	N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, 0.9% N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences 2 publications, 0.9%
Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences	Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, 0.9% Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 2 publications, 0.9%
Federal Research Center of Problem of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS	Federal Research Center of Problem of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS, 2, 0.9% Federal Research Center of Problem of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS 2 publications, 0.9%
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven	Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2, 0.9% Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 2 publications, 0.9%
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne	École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 2, 0.9% École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 2 publications, 0.9%
University of Bordeaux	University of Bordeaux, 2, 0.9% University of Bordeaux 2 publications, 0.9%
Lausanne University Hospital	Lausanne University Hospital, 2, 0.9% Lausanne University Hospital 2 publications, 0.9%
	5 10 15 20 25

With other countries

	5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
France	France, 40, 3.22% France 40 publications, 3.22%
Italy	Italy, 27, 2.17% Italy 27 publications, 2.17%
Australia	Australia, 26, 2.09% Australia 26 publications, 2.09%
Russia	Russia, 22, 1.77% Russia 22 publications, 1.77%
United Kingdom	United Kingdom, 20, 1.61% United Kingdom 20 publications, 1.61%
USA	USA, 17, 1.37% USA 17 publications, 1.37%
Switzerland	Switzerland, 17, 1.37% Switzerland 17 publications, 1.37%
Canada	Canada, 16, 1.29% Canada 16 publications, 1.29%
Spain	Spain, 9, 0.72% Spain 9 publications, 0.72%
Belgium	Belgium, 7, 0.56% Belgium 7 publications, 0.56%
Poland	Poland, 7, 0.56% Poland 7 publications, 0.56%
Czech Republic	Czech Republic, 7, 0.56% Czech Republic 7 publications, 0.56%
Brazil	Brazil, 6, 0.48% Brazil 6 publications, 0.48%
Denmark	Denmark, 6, 0.48% Denmark 6 publications, 0.48%
Netherlands	Netherlands, 6, 0.48% Netherlands 6 publications, 0.48%
Romania	Romania, 5, 0.4% Romania 5 publications, 0.4%
Portugal	Portugal, 4, 0.32% Portugal 4 publications, 0.32%
Hungary	Hungary, 4, 0.32% Hungary 4 publications, 0.32%
Ukraine	Ukraine, 3, 0.24% Ukraine 3 publications, 0.24%
China	China, 3, 0.24% China 3 publications, 0.24%
Greece	Greece, 3, 0.24% Greece 3 publications, 0.24%
Israel	Israel, 3, 0.24% Israel 3 publications, 0.24%
Luxembourg	Luxembourg, 3, 0.24% Luxembourg 3 publications, 0.24%
Mexico	Mexico, 3, 0.24% Mexico 3 publications, 0.24%
Norway	Norway, 3, 0.24% Norway 3 publications, 0.24%
Austria	Austria, 2, 0.16% Austria 2 publications, 0.16%
Slovenia	Slovenia, 2, 0.16% Slovenia 2 publications, 0.16%
Turkey	Turkey, 2, 0.16% Turkey 2 publications, 0.16%
Finland	Finland, 2, 0.16% Finland 2 publications, 0.16%
	5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

We do not take into account publications without a DOI.
Statistics recalculated daily.
Publications published earlier than 1989 are ignored in the statistics.
The horizontal charts show the 30 top positions.
Journals quartiles values are relevant at the moment.