Showa University Hospital

Abstract A new hypoplastic constitutive model with a modular structure is presented for granular soils. The modular structure allows the application of the constitutive model with very little material information under restriction of the soil effects to be reproduced. The more material information available, the better the stress–strain behaviour of the material can be represented. The basic model and six modules are presented that allow to model soil phenomena like barotropy, pyknotropy, load history, and small strain stiffness. Laboratory tests are simulated to show the performance of the constitutive model.

Bathymetric data are crucial for benthic monitoring in coastal areas but are traditionally obtained through costly and geographically limited acoustic methods. This study uses satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) in the Eastern Mediterranean, focusing on the Cretan Sea in Greece. It explores how variations in water surface optical properties affect SDB models over four years (2019–2022), using Sentinel-2 satellite data. The research covers two areas with contrasting features: the Chania Gulf and the open waters around Chrissi Island. Three methodologies were tested: the band-ratio method, the linear-logarithmic method, and an inherent optical properties linear model. Significant spatiotemporal variations in the SDB models were found, due to seasonal changes in water surface properties, such as temperature and suspended organic materials. Linear optical properties-based methods performed best, achieving a mean RMSE close to 1 m, slightly outperforming the ratio-based method. The logarithmic method was less effective, with RMSE values ranging from 1.3 to 1.5 m. A preliminary Kalman filter (KF) analysis increased RMSE to the decimeter level. This study demonstrates the impact of water surface optical properties on SDB models. It highlights the value of SDB for cost-effective, high-resolution coastal mapping in complex coastlines like those in Greece.

In recent years, weather-related extreme events have shown the limits of technical approaches to urban water challenges and highlighted the urgent need to rethink the relationship between cities and water and to see water as a partner in shaping transformative, climate-safe and just urban futures. However, existing scientific studies depicting future trajectories of urban water management have struggled to make the intertwined social and ecological dynamics of (transformative) urban adaptation tangible and accessible. This study focuses on the potential of visual communication of scenarios to stimulate both learning among scientists (during the process of creating the scenarios) and social learning (as a next step using the developed “narrative images”) to motivate diverse societal actors to engage with the complexity of sustainable urban water management. Art can overcome barriers of scientific and technical concepts and touch peoples' inner motivation for preserving and sustainably transforming our cities in a way that written texts cannot. As sustainability challenges transcend disciplines, this study draws methodically on an interdisciplinary scenario approach. Three adaptation scenarios were developed in a participatory process and professionally visualized as “narrative images” using the city of Hamburg as a case study. The scenarios take place in 2050 depicting a gradient ranging from coping to incremental adaptation to transformative adaptation for managing the water-adaptation nexus: “Water defensive city,” “Water resilient city,” and “Water aware city.” The scenario study shows innovatively how to bring the humanities, natural and engineering sciences into a deliberative dialog, while at the same time promoting collective learning. It can serve as a model for successful future interdisciplinary research and scenario developing exercises.

Urban climate experiments are considered as key vehicles for testing and materialising alternative futures. Yet, the capacity of experiments to be transformative and to go in the direction of greater justice is far from evident. While the debate on experimental governance hints at transformative challenges of urban experiments, scope of this paper is to make such challenges explicit, observing how they can constrain but also enable experiments in contributing to more socio-ecologically just change. To achieve that, this paper frames transformative challenges of urban experiments as critical governance tensions. The concept of tension illuminates the dialectics between limits to transformative action on the one hand, and opportunities to enhance scopes of action on the other. By analysing and connecting among each other key strands of debate on experimental governance, the paper identifies three main types of tensions characterising the governance of urban climate experiments, that is, socio-material, organisational and institutional (governance tensions). The analysis of the tensions is further developed by embedding a socio-ecological justice lens. Indeed, drawing insights from literature on urban climate justice, the paper shows how key dimensions of justice – namely distributive, procedural, recognition and restorative justice – run transversal to the three types of tensions. As a result, by experiencing and learning from governance tensions urban climate experiments can envision opportunities to better embed justice in their governing practices.

AbstractIn this study a regional modelling framework for water mass changes is developed. The approach can introduce geodetic observation types of varying temporal and spatial resolution including their correlated error information. For this purpose a Kalman filter process was set up using a regional parameterisation by space-localising radial basis functions and a process model based on stochastic prediction. The feasibility of the approach is confirmed in a closed-loop simulation experiment using gridded water storage estimates derived from simulated monthly solutions of the GRACE satellite gravimetry mission and considering realistic error patterns. The resulting mass change time series exhibit strongly reduced noise and a very high agreement with the reference model. The modelling framework is designed to flexibly allow a future extension towards combining satellite gravimetry with other geodetic observations such as GNSS station displacements or terrestrial gravimetry.

Thiel J., Grabher G.

Der Beitrag schlägt vor dem Hintergrund der vielfältigen Mobilisierung des Laborbegriffs für die Analyse der aktuellen Transformation der Stadt einen besonderen Zugang zu Laboren vor: als Orte der Legitimation. Städte als Labore zu begreifen, würde demnach bedeuten, ihnen die Fähigkeit zur Legitimierung neuer Erkenntnisse zuzuschreiben. In den aktuellen urbanen Transformationsexperimenten fungiert die Stadt jedoch weniger als Labor, sondern als Testfeld – als Legitimierungskontext von Neuem, wenn es das Labor verlässt. Am Beispiel der Einführung autonomer Mobilität in Singapur zeigt der Beitrag auf, wie sich neue Technologie und legitimierender Kontext wechselseitig beeinflussen.

The paper presents an evaluation of the strategic experimental project “WiedergeBORN”, conducted by Stadtreinigung SRH, Hamburg’s public waste management company, with stakeholders and citizens in the Osdorfer Born large housing estate. Based on an analysis of the case study, which included document analysis, observation and interviews, the article delineates the genesis of the project, its main stakeholders, and its objectives, measures, and outcomes. Success and failure factors of the project and the possible transfer of lessons learned are then categorized and discussed using the four pillars of accountability as an analytical framework. The place-based approach, which considered local conditions, the close cooperation between key stakeholders, and the early involvement of local actors and citizens, supported the successful development and implementation of measures to improve waste management and cleanliness. Furthermore, the integration of environmental, social, and educational aspects in the measures and the cooperation with actors from these fields were demonstrated to lead to positive outcomes. The transfer of the project’s results and approach remained limited due to a lack of involvement of strategic actors in the project; this hindered an integration of the participating stakeholders into strategies and into policies at the district or city levels.

Visualization and interpretation of user-generated spatial content such as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is challenging because it combines enormous data volume and heterogeneity with a spatial bias. When dealing with point data on a map, these characteristics can lead to point clutter, reducing the readability of the map product and misleading users to false interpretations of patterns in the data, e.g., regarding specific clusters or extreme values. With this work, we provide a framework that is able to generalize point data, preserving spatial clusters and extreme values simultaneously. The framework consists of an agent-based generalization model using predefined constraints and measures. We present the architecture of the model and compare the results with methods focusing on extreme value preservation as well as clutter reduction. As a result, we can state that our agent-based model is able to preserve elementary characteristics of point datasets, such as the point density of clusters, while also retaining the existing extreme values in the data.

Abstract The paper presents a novel digital tool – the “Knowledge Synthesizer” – that converges research knowledge in the context of sustainable urban development, and generates insights about relevant future trends in the field. Conceived and implemented for the large-scale research program “Sustainable Development of Urban Regions” (SURE), the prototype tool organizes knowledge created by roughly 400 persons who are active in 147 involved institutions. Throughout the history of science, various attempts have been made to design synthetic devices to integrate large bodies of knowledge and generate new intelligence. Inspired by such historical concepts, and informed by an inquiry into the epistemological nature of knowledge generation, the paper outlines the design and functionality of the digital prototype, its general components and first test applications in the context of SURE.

AbstractAfter their widespread legalization, ridehailing companies Uber and Lyft soon embarked on a new stage of their respective business models: the initiation of a wave of strategic partnerships with local and regional transit agencies across the North American continent. This article accounts for this trend by putting forward the concept of the public–private ridehail partnership (PPRP). It aims to render visible the PPRP as a variously contradictory attempt to splice Uber and Lyft's platform‐based business models with the existing social and physical realities of North American post‐suburban space. While conceived as a strategic response to pressing sub‐ and exurban problems such as low physical densities, widespread car centrism and extensive transit undersupply, the PPRP, as I argue, is neither able to adequately address these dilemmas nor to ultimately resolve them. Rather, the PPRP latches onto old—and sets in motion new—powerful dynamics of heightened uneven development and continued urban entrepreneurialism. Each of these two dynamics is explored through empirical analyses of two recent PPRPs in the Toronto city region: the Lyft–Metrolinx pilot carried out between July and December 2019; and Uber's ongoing partnership with the town of Innisfil, located about 80 km north of downtown Toronto.

Behde D.

Aus verschiedenen Richtungen werden die Rufe, die Stadtentwicklung nachhaltig und gesund zu gestalten, häufiger. Das Vorhandensein oder die Qualität von vorgelagerten Stadtentwicklungspolitiken, die das Erreichen von nachgelagerten Gesundheits- und Nachhaltigkeitszielen wahrscheinlicher machen, werden in Analysen nur selten betrachtet. In welchem Maße Gesundheit in den Kommunalverwaltungen berücksichtigt und priorisiert wird, bleibt oftmals unklar. In dieser Untersuchung wurden die Stadtentwicklungspolitiken in Bochum, Köln und Münster anhand gesundheitsbezogener Indikatoren untersucht und bewertet. Indikatoren, die bisher weniger Beachtung fanden und für das Erdsystem von hoher Bedeutung sind, wurden zusätzlich berücksichtigt. Die Dokumentenanalyse wurde um Interviews mit Schlüsselpersonen ergänzt. Die Untersuchungsstädte verfügen über zahlreiche Politiken – sie decken aber nicht alle Indikatoren vollständig ab. Viele Maßgaben enthalten keine spezifisch messbaren Ziele. Vorhandene Ziele werden oftmals ohne messbare Angaben oder nur sehr abstrakt formuliert. Die Interviewaussagen verdeutlichen, dass die Berücksichtigung von gesundheitsbezogenen Aspekten in allen Politikfeldern die Städte herausfordert. Um Städte gesünder und nachhaltiger zu entwickeln, sind spezifischere, nachvollziehbarere und messbarere Politiken anzustreben. Es ist zu prüfen, inwieweit gesundheitsbezogene Aspekte und die Impulse des ÖGD hinsichtlich der Berücksichtigung und Priorisierung von Gesundheit intersektoral und in allen Politiken aufgegriffen werden können.

AbstractHousing supply is a controversial topic across the globe. In Europe, for example, housing provision is fundamentally characterised by capitalist market economy. However, the intensity of state intervention differs significantly in the respective European countries. Germany is certainly one of the countries in which the state traditionally intervenes considerably in the housing market and attempts to control it through various measures. In addition, the stakeholders in the housing market are very different, and the housing market is highly segmented. In Cuba, as a rather atypical example for Latin America, where the housing market is largely liberalised, the housing market is very strongly regulated by the socialist Cuban state. In this article, we address the topics of housing supply by analysing the institutional framework conditions and the different levels of intervention in the very different systems of Germany and Cuba. In doing so, we find that the objectives at the planning and political levels in these two case studies are quite similar despite the major political and social differences. It has become clear, that there is a gap between the aspiration of the political-administrative planning system and the planning expectations of the citizens in both systems. However, it is also emphasised that the state's claim to intervene in the housing market and the regulations, production and financing conditions are very different. Using Vaus’s ‘most-different-case approach’, we emphasise for the two cities of Hamburg and Havana that although considerable successes have been achieved in both systems in terms of adequate housing provision, but major challenges still exist in both cities. The analysis has also made clear how important it is to combine housing policy demands with the realities of housing industry, real estate markets and urban planning perspectives.

AbstractWe evaluate trends in terrestrial water storage over 1950–2100 in CMIP6 climate models against a new global reanalysis from assimilating GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite observations into a hydrological model. To account for different timescales in our analysis, we select regions in which the influence of interannual variability is relatively small and observed trends are assumed to be representative of the development over longer periods. Our results reveal distinct biases in drying and wetting trends in CMIP6 models for several world regions. Specifically, we see high model consensus for drying in the Amazon, which disagrees with the observed wetting. Other regions show a high consensus of models and observations suggesting qualitatively correctly simulated trends, e.g., for the Mediterranean and parts of Central Africa. A high model agreement might therefore falsely indicate a robust trend in water storage if it is not assessed in light of the observed developments. This underlines the potential use of maintaining an adequate observational capacity of water storage for climate change assessments.