Inversionsbarrieren Ortho,ortho ′‐verbrückter Biphenyle

Inversion Barriers of ortho,ortho′-Bridged Biphenyls The syntheses and spectroscopic properties of the ortho,ortho′-bridged biphenyls 2–19 are described. In the case of 5, 15, and 16 the inversion barrier is determined from the temperature dependence of the NMR spectra (lineshape analysis), in the case of 12, 13, and 14 from the temperature of coalescence, and in the case of 2a, 3b, 7, 17, 18, and 19 from the rate of racemization of the optically active compounds. The experimental inversion barriers, including data from the literature, are compared with those calculated using the extended force field (MM2erw). The conformational behavior of the title systems is significantly affected upon transformation into the corresponding dianion salts. The relevant energy terms are discussed.