Hydroxyapatite-based antibacterial bio-nanomaterials: an insight into the synthesis using mussel shell as a calcium source, physicochemical properties, and nanoindentation characteristics

We report the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based antibacterial biomaterials using a mussel shell as a calcium source and by the integration of silver ions via a wet precipitation method. The silver doping at 2 mol% can provide silver-doped carbonated HAp while at 10 mol% can offer silver-doped carbonated HAp/silver oxide nanocomposite. The synthesized Ag-integrated samples exhibit the H (263–903Mpa) and E (0.96–3.31GPa) almost similar to cancellous bone with good antibacterial inhibition on S. aureus (15 ± 02 mm) and E. coli (26 ± 02 mm) growth. Hence, they can be a potential precursor to make bone fillers for the treatment of bone infections.