Comprehensive review on effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to levulinic acid

Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for value-added chemicals and fuel additives. It offers a sustainable solution to the problems of carbon emissions and waste management. This review article focuses on the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to levulinic acid, which is a versatile platform chemical with carboxylic and ketone groups that has the potential to produce a wide range of value-added products. Levulinic acid and its derivatives are used in a variety of applications, from fragrant products to flavoring agents, and even as an oxygenator in diesel engines. The article covers the major processes involved in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, including pretreatment, hydrolysis, and dehydration, with a focus on the different catalysts and reaction conditions used to optimize yield and selectivity. The review also discusses the challenges associated with the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass and the strategies employed to overcome them, such as the use of co-solvents, catalyst modification, and process integration. Additionally, the article highlights recent developments in the field, including the use of novel catalysts and technologies, and provides insights into future research directions.