pages 257-423
Tetrazoles
Publication type: Book Chapter
Publication date: 2008-04-10
Abstract
Tetrazoles were discovered by Bladin over 120 years ago (1885). Since then, tetrazole and its derivatives have attracted interest by their unique structure and extreme characteristics. Especially great activity in this field of chemistry has been observed since 1996. The number of publications and patents on preparation methods, properties, and applications of tetrazoles grows every year with a higher rate than with respect to other heterocyclic systems. This fact actually reflects the significant achievements in fundamental research and industry in tetrazole chemistry at the end of the twentieth and beginning of the twenty-first centuries. This chapter describes various aspects regarding tetrazoles: electronic structure, thermodynamic and theoretical problems, including aromaticity, acid–base properties, tautomerism, and also experimental structural methods. Mechanism and kinetics of unimolecular thermal and photochemical reactions of tetrazoles, molecular rearrangements, etc., are discussed. The reactivity of ring nitrogen and carbon atoms is treated: electrophilic attack at endocyclic nitrogen and carbon atoms, nucleophilic attack at endocyclic carbon, complex formation with metal ions. Considerable attention is paid to the reactivity of substituents attached to the ring nitrogen in neutral tetrazoles, tetrazolate anions, and tetrazolium cations, and also to the electrophilic and nucleophilic attack at endocyclic carbon. Various possible procedures are described for ring synthesis from acyclic compounds, and also by transformations of other heterocyclic systems. Preferred routes to tetrazole classes are indicated. In all sections of this chapter, attention is focused on new constructive ideas, efficient methods of synthesis and transformation of tetrazoles, and urgent problems of tetrazole chemistry. In the concluding sections, data are given on important compounds and applications: biologically active substances, drug applications, energetic tetrazoles, tetrazoles as promising objects in supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology, and also as activators of chemical and biochemical reactions, etc.
Top-30
Citations by journals
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5
10
15
20
25
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Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry
22 publications, 22.45%
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Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds
12 publications, 12.24%
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Russian Chemical Bulletin
5 publications, 5.1%
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Inorganica Chimica Acta
3 publications, 3.06%
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Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
2 publications, 2.04%
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Russian Chemical Reviews
2 publications, 2.04%
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Tetrahedron Letters
2 publications, 2.04%
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Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry
2 publications, 2.04%
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Journal of Physical Chemistry A
2 publications, 2.04%
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Inorganic Chemistry
2 publications, 2.04%
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Journal of Organic Chemistry
2 publications, 2.04%
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Journal of the Belarusian State University Chemistry
2 publications, 2.04%
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Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
1 publication, 1.02%
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Chemistry Letters
1 publication, 1.02%
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Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications
1 publication, 1.02%
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Journal of Chemical Research
1 publication, 1.02%
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Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry
1 publication, 1.02%
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Journal of Molecular Modeling
1 publication, 1.02%
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Materials Today: Proceedings
1 publication, 1.02%
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Mendeleev Communications
1 publication, 1.02%
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Journal of Molecular Structure
1 publication, 1.02%
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Polyhedron
1 publication, 1.02%
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Journal of Saudi Chemical Society
1 publication, 1.02%
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Coordination Chemistry Reviews
1 publication, 1.02%
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Small
1 publication, 1.02%
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Applied Organometallic Chemistry
1 publication, 1.02%
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European Journal of Organic Chemistry
1 publication, 1.02%
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Journal of Polymer Science
1 publication, 1.02%
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Journal of Computational Chemistry
1 publication, 1.02%
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5
10
15
20
25
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Citations by publishers
|
5
10
15
20
25
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Pleiades Publishing
24 publications, 24.49%
|
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Springer Nature
19 publications, 19.39%
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Wiley
12 publications, 12.24%
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Elsevier
11 publications, 11.22%
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American Chemical Society (ACS)
11 publications, 11.22%
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Taylor & Francis
3 publications, 3.06%
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Beilstein-Institut
2 publications, 2.04%
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Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii
2 publications, 2.04%
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Belarusian State University
2 publications, 2.04%
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The Chemical Society of Japan
1 publication, 1.02%
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International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
1 publication, 1.02%
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SAGE
1 publication, 1.02%
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King Saud University
1 publication, 1.02%
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Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
1 publication, 1.02%
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Walter de Gruyter
1 publication, 1.02%
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The Japan Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry
1 publication, 1.02%
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American Institute of Physics (AIP)
1 publication, 1.02%
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Thieme
1 publication, 1.02%
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5
10
15
20
25
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- We do not take into account publications without a DOI.
- Statistics recalculated only for publications connected to researchers, organizations and labs registered on the platform.
- Statistics recalculated weekly.
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