Neuronal activity of the septal pacemaker of theta rhythm under the influence of stimulation and blockade of the median raphe nucleus in the awake rabbit

The control of theta rhythm in neuronal activity of the medial septal area and hippocampal electroencephalogram by the brainstem structures was investigated in waking rabbits. In the first series of experiments stimulating electrodes were implanted into the midbrain reticular formation and median raphe nucleus. The standard frequency of theta-bursts in medial septal area neurons and in the electroencephalogram was uniformly and chronically decreased in all rabbits with electrodes implanted into the median raphe nucleus (4.7 +/- 0.5 Hz versus 5.2 +/- 0.19 Hz in animals without electrodes in median raphe nucleus). Weak electrical stimulation of the median raphe nucleus resulted in additional decrease of theta expression in the medial septal area neurons and its disappearance from the hippocampal electroencephalogram, where it was substituted by delta-waves and spindles. Stimulation of the reticular formation had the opposite effect, with an increase in theta frequency, regularity and expression in medial septal area neuronal activity and hippocampal electroencephalogram. In the second series of experiments reversible functional blockade of the median raphe nucleus by local microinjection of lidocaine was performed. This resulted in expression of theta-bursts in an additional group of medial septal area neurons, an increase in theta-burst frequency (by 0.5-2 Hz) and regularity with concomitant changes in the electroencephalogram. The effects of sensory stimuli on the background of increased theta activity were suppressed or significantly decreased. It is concluded that, in accordance with the data of other authors, the median raphe nucleus can be regarded as a functional antagonist of the reticular formation, powerfully suppressing theta-bursts of the medial septal area neurons and hippocampal theta rhythm. It is suggested that, in combination with the theta-enhancing influences of reticular formation, the median raphe nucleus may participate in termination of attention, its switching to other stimuli and stabilization of the effects of learning.