Sensitive electrochemical sensing of carbosulfan in food products on laser reduced graphene oxide sensor decorated with silver nanoparticles

A simple, low-cost, eco-friendly, highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on laser reduced graphene oxide (LrGO) decorated with silver nanoparticles (LrGO/AgNPs) on a recycled green polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate was fabricated for the detection of carbosulfan in food products. An inexpensive disposable PET substrate was used to fabricate the flexible sensor using eco-friendly laser printing. Electrochemical investigations and surface characterization of sensor surfaces were performed with cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy (RS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under the optimum conditions, the LrGO/AgNPs sensor showed a well-developed CV peak current with a good linear dynamic range (LDR) from 0.01 to 10 mg·kg−1 for the determination of carbosulfan with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.005 mg·kg−1. The LrGO/AgNPs sensor was successfully applied for CV determination of carbosulfan in food products (apples, oranges and basmati rice) with a promising recovery from 90 % to 105 % and relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 5 %. The novel sensor showed remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and long-term stability. Therefore, this study showed that the fabricated electrochemical LrGO/AgNPs sensor is an excellent tool for the determination of carbosulfan in food products.