Pickering emulsions by Metal-Organic Frameworks, Graphene-Based Material, and carbon Nanotubes: A comprehensive review

Pickering emulsions, using solid or colloidal particles instead of surfactants for stabilizing the oil–water interface, have gained significant attention due to their enhanced stability. This review explores recent advancements in the use of colloidal particles, particularly metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), in stabilizing Pickering emulsions. It highlights the potential of these particle materials as versatile stabilizers, offering enhanced stability, tunable properties, and improved performance. By consolidating the latest research findings, this review contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field of nanomaterials, emphasizing the significance of CNTs, MOFs, and graphene-based materials for future investigations in Pickering emulsion. Moreover, the factors influencing emulsion formation and stability, including pH, salt concentration, stabilizer concentration, oil/water ratio, and oil phase polarity, are examined for these materials. Furthermore, the paper discusses their practical application across various fields, emphasizing their relevance in diverse industries. This comprehensive review covers the stabilization and destabilization techniques of Pickering emulsions, addressing key challenges and providing future prospects for research and development, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the field.