Correlating Reactivity and Selectivity to Cyclopentadienyl Ligand Properties in Rh(III)-Catalyzed C–H Activation Reactions: An Experimental and Computational Study

CpXRh(III)-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions are a proven method for the efficient assembly of small molecules. However, rationalization of the effects of cyclopentadienyl (CpX) ligand structure on reaction rate and selectivity has been viewed as a black box, and a truly systematic study is lacking. Consequently, predicting the outcomes of these reactions is challenging because subtle variations in ligand structure can cause notable changes in reaction behavior. A predictive tool is, nonetheless, of considerable value to the community as it would greatly accelerate reaction development. Designing a data set in which the steric and electronic properties of the CpXRh(III) catalysts were systematically varied allowed us to apply multivariate linear regression algorithms to establish correlations between these catalyst-based descriptors and the regio-, diastereoselectivity, and rate of model reactions. This, in turn, led to the development of quantitative predictive models that describe catalyst performance. Our newly described cone angles and Sterimol parameters for CpX ligands served as highly correlative steric descriptors in the regression models. Through rational design of training and validation sets, key diastereoselectivity outliers were identified. Computations reveal the origins of the outstanding stereoinduction displayed by these outliers. The results are consistent with partial η5-η3 ligand slippage that occurs in the transition state of the selectivity-determining step. In addition to the instructive value of our study, we believe that the insights gained are transposable to other group 9 transition metals and pave the way toward rational design of C-H functionalization catalysts.