Human microbiome myths and misconceptions

Valles-Colomer M., Blanco-Míguez A., Manghi P., Asnicar F., Dubois L., Golzato D., Armanini F., Cumbo F., Huang K.D., Manara S., Masetti G., Pinto F., Piperni E., Punčochář M., Ricci L., et. al.

AbstractThe human microbiome is an integral component of the human body and a co-determinant of several health conditions1,2. However, the extent to which interpersonal relations shape the individual genetic makeup of the microbiome and its transmission within and across populations remains largely unknown3,4. Here, capitalizing on more than 9,700 human metagenomes and computational strain-level profiling, we detected extensive bacterial strain sharing across individuals (more than 10 million instances) with distinct mother-to-infant, intra-household and intra-population transmission patterns. Mother-to-infant gut microbiome transmission was considerable and stable during infancy (around 50% of the same strains among shared species (strain-sharing rate)) and remained detectable at older ages. By contrast, the transmission of the oral microbiome occurred largely horizontally and was enhanced by the duration of cohabitation. There was substantial strain sharing among cohabiting individuals, with 12% and 32% median strain-sharing rates for the gut and oral microbiomes, and time since cohabitation affected strain sharing more than age or genetics did. Bacterial strain sharing additionally recapitulated host population structures better than species-level profiles did. Finally, distinct taxa appeared as efficient spreaders across transmission modes and were associated with different predicted bacterial phenotypes linked with out-of-host survival capabilities. The extent of microorganism transmission that we describe underscores its relevance in human microbiome studies5, especially those on non-infectious, microbiome-associated diseases.

Worby C.J., Schreiber H.L., Straub T.J., van Dijk L.R., Bronson R.A., Olson B.S., Pinkner J.S., Obernuefemann C.L., Muñoz V.L., Paharik A.E., Azimzadeh P.N., Walker B.J., Desjardins C.A., Chou W., Bergeron K., et. al.

Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) are a major health burden worldwide, with history of infection being a significant risk factor. While the gut is a known reservoir for uropathogenic bacteria, the role of the microbiota in rUTI remains unclear. We conducted a year-long study of women with (n = 15) and without (n = 16) history of rUTI, from whom we collected urine, blood and monthly faecal samples for metagenomic and transcriptomic interrogation. During the study 24 UTIs were reported, with additional samples collected during and after infection. The gut microbiome of individuals with a history of rUTI was significantly depleted in microbial richness and butyrate-producing bacteria compared with controls, reminiscent of other inflammatory conditions. However, Escherichia coli gut and bladder populations were comparable between cohorts in both relative abundance and phylogroup. Transcriptional analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed expression profiles indicative of differential systemic immunity between cohorts. Altogether, these results suggest that rUTI susceptibility is in part mediated through the gut–bladder axis, comprising gut dysbiosis and differential immune response to bacterial bladder colonization, manifesting in symptoms. Multi-omics analyses of faecal, urine and blood samples from women with and without recurrent urinary tract infections reveal that gut dysbiosis and differential immune responses may play a role in risk of infection via the gut–bladder axis.

Belda E., Voland L., Tremaroli V., Falony G., Adriouch S., Assmann K.E., Prifti E., Aron-Wisnewsky J., Debédat J., Le Roy T., Nielsen T., Amouyal C., André S., Andreelli F., Blüher M., et. al.

ObjectivesGut microbiota is a key component in obesity and type 2 diabetes, yet mechanisms and metabolites central to this interaction remain unclear. We examined the human gut microbiome’s functional composition in healthy metabolic state and the most severe states of obesity and type 2 diabetes within the MetaCardis cohort. We focused on the role of B vitamins and B7/B8 biotin for regulation of host metabolic state, as these vitamins influence both microbial function and host metabolism and inflammation.DesignWe performed metagenomic analyses in 1545 subjects from the MetaCardis cohorts and different murine experiments, including germ-free and antibiotic treated animals, faecal microbiota transfer, bariatric surgery and supplementation with biotin and prebiotics in mice.ResultsSevere obesity is associated with an absolute deficiency in bacterial biotin producers and transporters, whose abundances correlate with host metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes. We found suboptimal circulating biotin levels in severe obesity and altered expression of biotin-associated genes in human adipose tissue. In mice, the absence or depletion of gut microbiota by antibiotics confirmed the microbial contribution to host biotin levels. Bariatric surgery, which improves metabolism and inflammation, associates with increased bacterial biotin producers and improved host systemic biotin in humans and mice. Finally, supplementing high-fat diet-fed mice with fructo-oligosaccharides and biotin improves not only the microbiome diversity, but also the potential of bacterial production of biotin and B vitamins, while limiting weight gain and glycaemic deterioration.ConclusionStrategies combining biotin and prebiotic supplementation could help prevent the deterioration of metabolic states in severe obesity.Trial registration numberNCT02059538.

Mirzayi C., Renson A., Furlanello C., Sansone S., Zohra F., Elsafoury S., Geistlinger L., Kasselman L.J., Eckenrode K., van de Wijgert J., Loughman A., Marques F.Z., MacIntyre D.A., Arumugam M., Azhar R., et. al.

The particularly interdisciplinary nature of human microbiome research makes the organization and reporting of results spanning epidemiology, biology, bioinformatics, translational medicine and statistics a challenge. Commonly used reporting guidelines for observational or genetic epidemiology studies lack key features specific to microbiome studies. Therefore, a multidisciplinary group of microbiome epidemiology researchers adapted guidelines for observational and genetic studies to culture-independent human microbiome studies, and also developed new reporting elements for laboratory, bioinformatics and statistical analyses tailored to microbiome studies. The resulting tool, called ‘Strengthening The Organization and Reporting of Microbiome Studies’ (STORMS), is composed of a 17-item checklist organized into six sections that correspond to the typical sections of a scientific publication, presented as an editable table for inclusion in supplementary materials. The STORMS checklist provides guidance for concise and complete reporting of microbiome studies that will facilitate manuscript preparation, peer review, and reader comprehension of publications and comparative analysis of published results. The STORMS tool provides guidance for concise and complete reporting of microbiome studies to facilitate manuscript preparation, peer review, reader comprehension of publications, and comparative analysis of published results.

Daniel S.L., Moradi L., Paiste H., Wood K.D., Assimos D.G., Holmes R.P., Nazzal L., Hatch M., Knight J.

Oxalobacter formigenes , a unique anaerobic bacterium that relies solely on oxalate for growth, is a key oxalate-degrading bacterium in the mammalian intestinal tract. Degradation of oxalate in the gut by O. formigenes plays a critical role in preventing renal toxicity in animals that feed on oxalate-rich plants.

Damhorst G.L., Adelman M.W., Woodworth M.H., Kraft C.S.

Abstract There is increasing evidence for the importance of the gut microbiome in human health and disease. Traditional and modern technologies - from cell culture to next generation sequencing - have facilitated these advances in knowledge. Each of the tools employed in measuring the microbiome exhibits unique capabilities that may be leveraged for clinical diagnostics. However, much still needs to be done to standardize the language and metrics by which a microbiome is characterized. Here we review the capabilities of gut microbiome-based diagnostics, review selected examples, and discuss the outlook towards clinical application.

Tettamanti Boshier F.A., Srinivasan S., Lopez A., Hoffman N.G., Proll S., Fredricks D.N., Schiffer J.T.

Microbiome studies primarily use 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to assess the relative abundance of bacterial taxa in a community. However, these measurements do not accurately reflect absolute taxon concentrations. We sought to determine whether the product of species’ relative abundance and total bacterial load measured by broad-range qPCR is an accurate proxy for individual species’ concentrations, as measured by taxon-specific qPCR assays. Overall, the inferred bacterial concentrations were a reasonable proxy of species-specific qPCR values, particularly when bacteria are present at a higher relative abundance. This approach offers an opportunity to assess the concentrations of bacterial species and how they change in a community over time without developing individual qPCR assays for each taxon.

Méric G., Wick R.R., Watts S.C., Holt K.E., Inouye M.

AbstractAssessing the taxonomic composition of metagenomic samples is an important first step in understanding the biology and ecology of microbial communities in complex environments. Despite a wealth of algorithms and tools for metagenomic classification, relatively little effort has been put into the critical task of improving the quality of reference indices to which metagenomic reads are assigned. Here, we inferred the taxonomic composition of 404 publicly available metagenomes from human, marine and soil environments, using custom index databases modified according to two factors: the number of reference genomes used to build the databases, and the monophyletic strictness of species definitions. Index databases built following the NCBI taxonomic system were also compared to others using Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) taxonomic redefinitions. We observed a considerable increase in the rate of read classification using modified reference index databases as compared to a default NCBI RefSeq database, with up to a 4.4-, 6.4- and 2.2-fold increase in classified reads per sample for human, marine and soil metagenomes, respectively. Importantly, targeted correction for 70 common human pathogens and bacterial genera in the index database increased their specific detection levels in human metagenomes. We also show the choice of index database can influence downstream diversity and distance estimates for microbiome data. Overall, the study shows a large amount of accessible information in metagenomes remains unexploited using current methods, and that the same data analysed using different index databases could potentially lead to different conclusions. These results have implications for the power and design of individual microbiome studies, and for comparison and meta-analysis of microbiome datasets.

Koh A., Molinaro A., Ståhlman M., Khan M.T., Schmidt C., Mannerås-Holm L., Wu H., Carreras A., Jeong H., Olofsson L.E., Bergh P., Gerdes V., Hartstra A., de Brauw M., Perkins R., et. al.

Interactions between the gut microbiota, diet, and the host potentially contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. Here, we identify imidazole propionate as a microbially produced histidine-derived metabolite that is present at higher concentrations in subjects with versus without type 2 diabetes. We show that imidazole propionate is produced from histidine in a gut simulator at higher concentrations when using fecal microbiota from subjects with versus without type 2 diabetes and that it impairs glucose tolerance when administered to mice. We further show that imidazole propionate impairs insulin signaling at the level of insulin receptor substrate through the activation of p38γ MAPK, which promotes p62 phosphorylation and, subsequently, activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). We also demonstrate increased activation of p62 and mTORC1 in liver from subjects with type 2 diabetes. Our findings indicate that the microbial metabolite imidazole propionate may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

Ferretti P., Pasolli E., Tett A., Asnicar F., Gorfer V., Fedi S., Armanini F., Truong D.T., Manara S., Zolfo M., Beghini F., Bertorelli R., De Sanctis V., Bariletti I., Canto R., et. al.

The acquisition and development of the infant microbiome are key to establishing a healthy host-microbiome symbiosis. The maternal microbial reservoir is thought to play a crucial role in this process. However, the source and transmission routes of the infant pioneering microbes are poorly understood. To address this, we longitudinally sampled the microbiome of 25 mother-infant pairs across multiple body sites from birth up to 4 months postpartum. Strain-level metagenomic profiling showed a rapid influx of microbes at birth followed by strong selection during the first few days of life. Maternal skin and vaginal strains colonize only transiently, and the infant continues to acquire microbes from distinct maternal sources after birth. Maternal gut strains proved more persistent in the infant gut and ecologically better adapted than those acquired from other sources. Together, these data describe the mother-to-infant microbiome transmission routes that are integral in the development of the infant microbiome.

Hoyles L., Fernández-Real J., Federici M., Serino M., Abbott J., Charpentier J., Heymes C., Luque J.L., Anthony E., Barton R.H., Chilloux J., Myridakis A., Martinez-Gili L., Moreno-Navarrete J.M., Benhamed F., et. al.

Hepatic steatosis is a multifactorial condition that is often observed in obese patients and is a prelude to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Here, we combine shotgun sequencing of fecal metagenomes with molecular phenomics (hepatic transcriptome and plasma and urine metabolomes) in two well-characterized cohorts of morbidly obese women recruited to the FLORINASH study. We reveal molecular networks linking the gut microbiome and the host phenome to hepatic steatosis. Patients with steatosis have low microbial gene richness and increased genetic potential for the processing of dietary lipids and endotoxin biosynthesis (notably from Proteobacteria), hepatic inflammation and dysregulation of aromatic and branched-chain amino acid metabolism. We demonstrated that fecal microbiota transplants and chronic treatment with phenylacetic acid, a microbial product of aromatic amino acid metabolism, successfully trigger steatosis and branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Molecular phenomic signatures were predictive (area under the curve = 87%) and consistent with the gut microbiome having an effect on the steatosis phenome (>75% shared variation) and, therefore, actionable via microbiome-based therapies. Metabolic activity of specific human gut microorganisms contributes to liver steatosis in obese women.

Schäffler H., Breitrück A.

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is the most frequent cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The incidence of C. difficile infection (CDI) has been rising worldwide with subsequent increases in morbidity, mortality and health care costs. Asymptomatic colonization with C. difficile is common and a high prevalence has been found in specific cohorts, e.g. hospitalized patients, adults in nursing homes and in infants. However, the risk of infection with C. difficile differs significantly between these cohorts. While CDI is a clear indication for therapy, colonization with C. difficile is not believed to be a direct precursor for CDI and therefore does not require treatment. Antibiotic therapy causes alterations of the intestinal microbial composition, enabling C. difficile colonization and consecutive toxin production leading to disruption of the colonic epithelial cells. Clinical symptoms of CDI range from mild diarrhea to potentially life-threatening conditions like pseudomembranous colitis or toxic megacolon. While antibiotics are the still the treatment of choice for CDI, new therapies have emerged in recent years such as antibodies against C. difficile toxin B and fecal microbial transfer (FMT). This specific therapy for CDI underscores the role of the indigenous bacterial composition in the prevention of the disease in healthy individuals and its role in the pathogenesis after alteration by antibiotic treatment. In addition to the pathogenesis of CDI, this review focuses on the colonization of C. difficile in the human gut and factors promoting CDI.

Rothschild D., Weissbrod O., Barkan E., Kurilshikov A., Korem T., Zeevi D., Costea P.I., Godneva A., Kalka I.N., Bar N., Shilo S., Lador D., Vila A.V., Zmora N., Pevsner-Fischer M., et. al.

Human gut microbiome composition is shaped by multiple factors but the relative contribution of host genetics remains elusive. Here we examine genotype and microbiome data from 1,046 healthy individuals with several distinct ancestral origins who share a relatively common environment, and demonstrate that the gut microbiome is not significantly associated with genetic ancestry, and that host genetics have a minor role in determining microbiome composition. We show that, by contrast, there are significant similarities in the compositions of the microbiomes of genetically unrelated individuals who share a household, and that over 20% of the inter-person microbiome variability is associated with factors related to diet, drugs and anthropometric measurements. We further demonstrate that microbiome data significantly improve the prediction accuracy for many human traits, such as glucose and obesity measures, compared to models that use only host genetic and environmental data. These results suggest that microbiome alterations aimed at improving clinical outcomes may be carried out across diverse genetic backgrounds. Statistical analyses of a metagenomics-sequenced human cohort identify a relatively minor role for genetics in determining microbiome composition and show that several human phenotypes are as strongly associated with the gut microbiome as with host genetics. The composition of the human gut microbiome is determined by many factors. Eran Segal and colleagues performed an extensive statistical analysis of the largest metagenomics-sequenced human cohort so far to determine the contribution of host genotype to microbiome composition. Host genetics has only a minor influence on microbiome variability, which is more strongly associated with environmental factors such as diet. The authors propose a 'microbiome-association index' that describes the association of the microbiome with host phenotype. Combining this measurement with host genetic and environmental data improves the accuracy of predictions about several human metabolic traits, such as glucose and obesity traits.

Munafò M.R., Davey Smith G.

Replication is not enough. Marcus R. Munafò and George Davey Smith state the case for triangulation. Replication is not enough. Marcus R. Munafò and George Davey Smith state the case for triangulation.

Reichardt N., Vollmer M., Holtrop G., Farquharson F.M., Wefers D., Bunzel M., Duncan S.H., Drew J.E., Williams L.M., Milligan G., Preston T., Morrison D., Flint H.J., Louis P.

The diet provides carbohydrates that are non-digestible in the upper gut and are major carbon and energy sources for the microbial community in the lower intestine, supporting a complex metabolic network. Fermentation produces the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate and butyrate, which have health-promoting effects for the human host. Here we investigated microbial community changes and SCFA production during in vitro batch incubations of 15 different non-digestible carbohydrates, at two initial pH values with faecal microbiota from three different human donors. To investigate temporal stability and reproducibility, a further experiment was performed 1 year later with four of the carbohydrates. The lower pH (5.5) led to higher butyrate and the higher pH (6.5) to more propionate production. The strongest propionigenic effect was found with rhamnose, followed by galactomannans, whereas fructans and several α- and β-glucans led to higher butyrate production. 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based quantitative PCR analysis of 22 different microbial groups together with 454 sequencing revealed significant stimulation of specific bacteria in response to particular carbohydrates. Some changes were ascribed to metabolite cross-feeding, for example, utilisation by Eubacterium hallii of 1,2-propanediol produced from fermentation of rhamnose by Blautia spp. Despite marked inter-individual differences in microbiota composition, SCFA production was surprisingly reproducible for different carbohydrates, indicating a level of functional redundancy. Interestingly, butyrate formation was influenced not only by the overall % butyrate-producing bacteria in the community but also by the initial pH, consistent with a pH-dependent shift in the stoichiometry of butyrate production.

Austin G.I., Brown Kav A., ElNaggar S., Park H., Biermann J., Uhlemann A., Pe’er I., Korem T.

Herz M.

Unser Körper beherbergt Billionen von Mikroorganismen – ein eigenes Ökosystem, das durch viele Faktoren beeinflusst wird. Drei Expert*innen berichten aus den Perspektiven Forschung, Ernährung und Medizin über das menschliche Mikrobiom. Sie erklären, welchen Einfluss Ernährung und Antibiotika haben, was es mit Stuhltransplantationen auf sich hat und wie man Bakterien identifiziert, die man in Zukunft therapeutisch gezielt einordnen und nutzen könnte.

Li S., Peng X., Wang Z., Chen C., Li X., Nie Q., Huang X., Bian S., Yin J., Cui S.W., Tan H., Nie S.

Heidrich V., Valles-Colomer M., Segata N.

Peng Z., Li W., Wang Y., Zhu L., Yang D., Zhao G., Zhong P., Zhao Z.

O'Halloran K.D.

Wortmann E., Groll T., Strigli A., Peuker K., Volet C., Arps L., Bernier-Latmani R., Zeissig S., Steiger K., Middelhoff M., Clavel T.

AbstractBackgroundElevated levels of secondary bile acids produced by the gut microbiome, in particular deoxycholic acid (DCA), influence epithelial cell proliferation and accelerate the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) under adverse dietary conditions, such as long-term, high fat intake. However, their effects on the intestinal epithelium have not been studied in detail.AimTo determine gut epithelial responses to bile acid modulationin vivoandin situ.MethodsWe performed targeted colonization of gnotobiotic mice followed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) of colonic epithelial cells combined with immunostaining of human biopsies from: (i) an observational patient cohort with hyperproliferative polyps or cancer; (ii) an interventional study with bile acid-scavenging drugs.ResultsColonization of mice with a synthetic bacterial community together with the 7α-dehydroxylating speciesExtibacter murisresulted in DCA production. ScRNA-Seq of colonic epithelial cells revealed increased cell density of bile acid-sensitive enterocytes but fewer stem cells, goblet cells, and transit amplifying cells in mice exposed to DCA. This was associated with increased expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (Pdk4) and decreased expression of mucin (Muc2). PDK expression was also increased in human hyperplastic polyps and adenomas, whilst MUC2 expression was reduced in adenomas and carcinomas compared to normal mucosa. In addition, human exposure to bile acid sequestrants was associated with enhanced epithelial proliferation.ConclusionThis study provides insight into intestinal epithelial cell responses to bile acids and their potential clinical relevance.

Shallangwa S.M., Ross A.W., Morgan P.J.

Dietary fiber can suppress excess adipose tissue and weight gain in rodents and humans when fed high fat diets. The gut microbiome is thought to have a key role, although exactly how remains unclear. In a tightly controlled murine study, we explored how different types of dietary fiber and doses affect the gut microbiota and gut epithelial gene expression. We show that 10% pectin and 10% FOS suppress high fat diet (HFD)-induced weight gain, effects not seen at 2% doses. Furthermore, 2 and 10% mixtures of dietary fiber were also without effect. Each fiber treatment stimulated a distinct gut microbiota profile at the family and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level. Mechanistically it is likely that the single 10% fiber dose shifted selected bacteria above some threshold abundance, required to suppress body weight, which was not achieved by the 10% Mix, composed of 4 fibers each at 2.5%. Plasma levels of the gut hormone PYY were elevated by 10% pectin and FOS, but not 10% mixed fibers, and similarly RNA seq revealed some distinct effects of the 10% single fibers on gut epithelial gene expression. These data show how the ability of dietary fiber to suppress HFD-induced weight gain is dependent upon both fiber type and dose. It also shows that the microbial response to dietary fiber is distinct and that there is not a single microbial response associated with the inhibition of adiposity and weight gain. PYY seems key to the latter response, although the role of other factors such as Reg3γ and CCK needs to be explored.

Li Z., Chen Y., Sun Y., McArthur K., Carnes M.U., Liu T., Mueller N.T., Page G.P., Rossman L.M., Smirnova E., White J.D., Kress A.M., Debelius J.W.

AbstractRobust evidence on relationships between the human microbiome and health are critical for understanding and improving the human condition. However, there is little information about methodological approaches to combine and analyze multiple microbiome data sets. To address this gap, we conducted a scoping review of studies that combine sequencing data from multiple data sets to understand the study objectives, data sources and selection, feature -table assembly methods, and analyses. References were identified through a systematic search of literature published between 2011 and 2022. Our final review included 60 articles. Despite the wide-spread use of the word “meta-analysis,” we found that only 24 studies used a systematic process to select their data sets, suggesting multiple meanings of the term within the field. While more than two thirds of studies used at least one publicly available data source, 19 had to request data from the original authors. Most studies (60%) combined data sets from multiple disjoint hypervariable regions. The number of hypervariable regions combined was not associated with the table construction method, but feature table construction method and the number of hypervariable regions influenced analytical resolution. Our results suggest the microbiome community needs to examine the use of terminology and analytic approaches for combining data sets; that additional work is needed to explore the impact of data source on bias in combined studies; and invite an independent evaluation of the methods used for feature table construction across disjoint regions.

Nai S., Song J., Su W., Liu X.

It is widely known that the dysregulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome play significant roles in host development and the progression of various diseases. Emerging evidence has highlighted the bidirectional interplay between ncRNAs and the gut microbiome. This article aims to review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between ncRNAs, especially microRNA (miRNA), and the gut microbiome in the context of development and diseases, such as colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, neurological disorders, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Ultimately, this review seeks to provide a foundation for exploring the potential roles of ncRNAs and gut microbiome interactions as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for clinical diagnosis and treatment, such as ncRNA mimics, antisense oligonucleotides, and small-molecule compounds, as well as probiotics, prebiotics, and diets.

Ghaddar B.C., Blaser M.J., De S.

AbstractRecent controversy around the cancer microbiome highlights the need for improved microbial analysis methods for human genomics data. We developed PRISM, a computational approach for precise microorganism identification and decontamination from low-biomass sequencing data. PRISM removes spurious signals and achieves excellent performance when benchmarked on a curated dataset of 62,006 known true- and false-positive taxa. We then use PRISM to detect microbes in 8 cancer types from the CPTAC and TCGA datasets. We identify rich microbiomes in gastrointestinal tract tumors in CPTAC and identify bacteria in a subset of pancreatic tumors that are associated with altered glycoproteomes, more extensive smoking histories, and higher tumor recurrence risk. We find relatively sparse microbes in other cancer types and in TCGA, which we demonstrate may reflect differing sequencing parameters. Overall, PRISM does not replace gold-standard controls, but it enables higher-confidence analyses and reveals tumor-associated microorganisms with potential molecular and clinical significance.

Sall I., Foxall R., Felth L., Maret S., Rosa Z., Gaur A., Calawa J., Pavlik N., Whistler J.L., Whistler C.A.

Whidbey C.

Myndrul V., Campos R.A., Iatsunskyi I., Di Scala F., Eersels K., Grinsven B.V.

Soliz-Rueda J.R., Cuesta-Marti C., O’Mahony S.M., Clarke G., Schellekens H., Muguerza B.

HighlightsThe gut microbiota undergoes diurnal oscillations, regulated by feeding schedules, timing, and the host's internal clocks, thereby exerting a profound influence on metabolic health.The bidirectional interaction between microbiota and circadian rhythms impacts feeding behaviour and metabolic homeostasis.The generation of microbiota-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, also exhibits diurnal oscillations, and modulates the enteroendocrine signalling and central regulation of appetite.Disrupted circadian rhythms and poor dietary habits can trigger detrimental cycles that worsen metabolic risks, with the microbiota acting as a key communicator in this temporal dialogue.Directing interventions towards the gut microbiota holds promising potential in reinstating circadian rhythms and improving eating behaviours, thereby leading to overall enhancements in metabolic health.AbstractEating behaviour and circadian rhythms are closely related. The type, timing, and quantity of food consumed, and host circadian rhythms, directly influence the intestinal microbiota, which in turn impacts host circadian rhythms and regulates food intake beyond homeostatic eating. This Opinion discusses the impact of food intake and circadian disruptions induced by an obesogenic environment on gut–brain axis signalling. We also explore potential mechanisms underlying the effects of altered gut microbiota on food intake behaviour and circadian rhythmicity. Understanding the crosstalk between gut microbiota, circadian rhythms, and unhealthy eating behaviour is crucial to addressing the obesity epidemic, which remains one of the biggest societal challenges of our time.