Rekindling the use of acetylene as a chemical building block

Acetylene, produced from coal or natural gas, was a cornerstone of the chemical industry until the 1960s. However, the long-term global availability of inexpensive petroleum before 1973 accelerated the production of olefins, diminishing acetylene’s market prominence because of their similar downstream applications. As petroleum prices fluctuate, acetylene has regained economic viability in certain regions, notably accounting for approximately one-third of the global vinyl chloride production, despite its high carbon footprint. Environmental and economic assessments show that replacing coal with biochar in acetylene-derived vinyl chloride production not only lowers the carbon footprint but also could remain economically viable compared with the ethylene route. Despite this potential, research on acetylene has been largely overlooked for decades. Here we provide an analysis of acetylene production technologies, propose sustainable production initiatives and quantify their economic and environmental performance, and explore potential applications. By showcasing this promising trajectory, we seek to rekindle interest and foster collaborative efforts in advancing sustainable acetylene production and broadening its use as a building block. Green acetylene production, utilizing renewable feedstocks and decarbonized electricity, can leverage both traditional and emerging technologies. This Perspective showcases how a transitional trajectory to green acetylene could rekindle interest in acetylene as a versatile building block for advancing sustainability in the chemical industry.