The microwave and infrared spectroscopy of benzaldehyde: Conflict between theory and experimental deductions

Recently, it has been proposed that ab initio calculations cannot accurately treat molecules comprised of a benzene ring with a π-conjugated substituent, for example, benzaldehyde. Theoretical predictions of the benzaldehyde barrier to internal rotation are typically a factor of 2 too high in comparison to the experimental values of 4.67 (infared) and 4.90 (microwave) kcal mol−1. However, both experiments use Pitzer’s 1946 model to compute the reduced moment of inertia and employ the experimentally observed torsional frequency to deduce benzaldehyde’s rotational barrier. When Pitzer’s model is applied to a system with a nonconjugated functional group, such as phenol, the model and theoretical values are in close agreement. Therefore, we conclude the model may not account for conjugation between the substituent and the π-system of benzene. The experimental values of the benzaldehyde rotational barrier are therefore misleading. The true rotational barrier lies closer to the theoretically extrapolated limit of 7.7 kcal mol−1, based on coupled cluster theory.