Low Temperature Physics, volume 42, issue 5, pages 361-379
Superconductor digital electronics: Scalability and energy efficiency issues (Review Article)
Publication type: Journal Article
Publication date: 2016-05-01
Journal:
Low Temperature Physics
Quartile SCImago
Q3
Quartile WOS
Q4
Impact factor: 0.8
ISSN: 1063777X, 10906517
General Physics and Astronomy
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)
Abstract
Superconductor digital electronics using Josephson junctions as ultrafast switches and magnetic-flux encoding of information was proposed over 30 years ago as a sub-terahertz clock frequency alternative to semiconductor electronics based on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistors. Recently, interest in developing superconductor electronics has been renewed due to a search for energy saving solutions in applications related to high-performance computing. The current state of superconductor electronics and fabrication processes are reviewed in order to evaluate whether this electronics is scalable to a very large scale integration (VLSI) required to achieve computation complexities comparable to CMOS processors. A fully planarized process at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, perhaps the most advanced process developed so far for superconductor electronics, is used as an example. The process has nine superconducting layers: eight Nb wiring layers with the minimum feature size of 350 nm, and a thin superconducting layer for making compact high-kinetic-inductance bias inductors. All circuit layers are fully planarized using chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) of SiO2 interlayer dielectric. The physical limitations imposed on the circuit density by Josephson junctions, circuit inductors, shunt and bias resistors, etc., are discussed. Energy dissipation in superconducting circuits is also reviewed in order to estimate whether this technology, which requires cryogenic refrigeration, can be energy efficient. Fabrication process development required for increasing the density of superconductor digital circuits by a factor of ten and achieving densities above 107 Josephson junctions per cm2 is described.
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Citations by publishers
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IEEE
66 publications, 40.99%
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19 publications, 11.8%
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Springer Nature
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SPIE
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Frontiers Media S.A.
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Japan Society of Applied Physics
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Wiley
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1 publication, 0.62%
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1 publication, 0.62%
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1 publication, 0.62%
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- We do not take into account publications without a DOI.
- Statistics recalculated only for publications connected to researchers, organizations and labs registered on the platform.
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Tolpygo S. K. Superconductor digital electronics: Scalability and energy efficiency issues (Review Article) // Low Temperature Physics. 2016. Vol. 42. No. 5. pp. 361-379.
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Tolpygo S. K. Superconductor digital electronics: Scalability and energy efficiency issues (Review Article) // Low Temperature Physics. 2016. Vol. 42. No. 5. pp. 361-379.
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TY - JOUR
DO - 10.1063/1.4948618
UR - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4948618
TI - Superconductor digital electronics: Scalability and energy efficiency issues (Review Article)
T2 - Low Temperature Physics
AU - Tolpygo, Sergey K
PY - 2016
DA - 2016/05/01
PB - American Institute of Physics (AIP)
SP - 361-379
IS - 5
VL - 42
SN - 1063-777X
SN - 1090-6517
ER -
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@article{2016_Tolpygo,
author = {Sergey K Tolpygo},
title = {Superconductor digital electronics: Scalability and energy efficiency issues (Review Article)},
journal = {Low Temperature Physics},
year = {2016},
volume = {42},
publisher = {American Institute of Physics (AIP)},
month = {may},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4948618},
number = {5},
pages = {361--379},
doi = {10.1063/1.4948618}
}
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Tolpygo, Sergey K.. “Superconductor digital electronics: Scalability and energy efficiency issues (Review Article).” Low Temperature Physics, vol. 42, no. 5, May. 2016, pp. 361-379. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4948618.