In vivo assessment of pyruvate dehydrogenase flux in the heart using hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance

The advent of hyperpolarized ¹³ C magnetic resonance (MR) has provided new potential for the real-time visualization of in vivo metabolic processes. The aim of this work was to use hyperpolarized [1- ¹³ C]pyruvate as a metabolic tracer to assess noninvasively the flux through the mitochondrial enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in the rat heart, by measuring the production of bicarbonate (H ¹³ CO 3 ⁻ ), a byproduct of the PDH-catalyzed conversion of [1- ¹³ C]pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. By noninvasively observing a 74% decrease in H ¹³ CO 3 ⁻ production in fasted rats compared with fed controls, we have demonstrated that hyperpolarized ¹³ C MR is sensitive to physiological perturbations in PDH flux. Further, we evaluated the ability of the hyperpolarized ¹³ C MR technique to monitor disease progression by examining PDH flux before and 5 days after streptozotocin induction of type 1 diabetes. We detected decreased H ¹³ CO 3 ⁻ production with the onset of diabetes that correlated with disease severity. These observations were supported by in vitro investigations of PDH activity as reported in the literature and provided evidence that flux through the PDH enzyme complex can be monitored noninvasively, in vivo , by using hyperpolarized ¹³ C MR.