Visualization of early chromosome condensation : a hierarchical folding, axial glue model of chromosome structure
Current models of mitotic chromosome structure are based largely on the examination of maximally condensed metaphase chromosomes. Here, we test these models by correlating the distribution of two scaffold components with the appearance of prophase chromosome folding intermediates. We confirm an axial distribution of topoisomerase IIα and the condensin subunit, structural maintenance of chromosomes 2 (SMC2), in unextracted metaphase chromosomes, with SMC2 localizing to a 150–200-nm-diameter central core. In contrast to predictions of radial loop/scaffold models, this axial distribution does not appear until late prophase, after formation of uniformly condensed middle prophase chromosomes. Instead, SMC2 associates throughout early and middle prophase chromatids, frequently forming foci over the chromosome exterior. Early prophase condensation occurs through folding of large-scale chromatin fibers into condensed masses. These resolve into linear, 200–300-nm-diameter middle prophase chromatids that double in diameter by late prophase. We propose a unified model of chromosome structure in which hierarchical levels of chromatin folding are stabilized late in mitosis by an axial “glue.”
Citations by journals
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8 publications, 4.94%
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6 publications, 3.7%
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6 publications, 3.7%
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5 publications, 3.09%
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Chromosome Research
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5 publications, 3.09%
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Biophysical Journal
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5 publications, 3.09%
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Current Opinion in Cell Biology
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5 publications, 3.09%
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Current Biology
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4 publications, 2.47%
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4 publications, 2.47%
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4 publications, 2.47%
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4 publications, 2.47%
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Science
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Science
3 publications, 1.85%
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Genes and Development
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3 publications, 1.85%
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3 publications, 1.85%
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Genes
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Genes
2 publications, 1.23%
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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2 publications, 1.23%
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Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
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2 publications, 1.23%
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Nature
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Nature
2 publications, 1.23%
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2 publications, 1.23%
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2 publications, 1.23%
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2 publications, 1.23%
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2 publications, 1.23%
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2 publications, 1.23%
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EMBO Journal
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2 publications, 1.23%
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2 publications, 1.23%
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2 publications, 1.23%
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Citations by publishers
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Springer Nature
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35 publications, 21.6%
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Elsevier
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31 publications, 19.14%
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Mary Ann Liebert
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Wiley
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7 publications, 4.32%
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6 publications, 3.7%
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6 publications, 3.7%
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5 publications, 3.09%
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5 publications, 3.09%
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4 publications, 2.47%
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
4 publications, 2.47%
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3 publications, 1.85%
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3 publications, 1.85%
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Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
3 publications, 1.85%
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3 publications, 1.85%
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2 publications, 1.23%
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2 publications, 1.23%
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EMBO press
2 publications, 1.23%
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2 publications, 1.23%
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1 publication, 0.62%
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1 publication, 0.62%
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S. Karger AG
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1 publication, 0.62%
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1 publication, 0.62%
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IOP Publishing
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IOP Publishing
1 publication, 0.62%
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1 publication, 0.62%
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American Chemical Society (ACS)
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1 publication, 0.62%
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Taylor & Francis
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1 publication, 0.62%
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International Society Histology & Cytology, 1, 0.62%
International Society Histology & Cytology
1 publication, 0.62%
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Optical Society of America
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1 publication, 0.62%
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American Society for Microbiology
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American Society for Microbiology
1 publication, 0.62%
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- Statistics recalculated only for publications connected to researchers, organizations and labs registered on the platform.
- Statistics recalculated weekly.