Open Access

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

, volume 510 , issue 4 , pages 4873-4887

The International Pulsar Timing Array second data release: Search for an isotropic gravitational wave background

J. Antoniadis ^{1, 2, 3}

Z. Arzoumanian ⁴

S. Babak ^{5, 6}

M Bailes ^{7, 8}

A.-S. Bak Nielsen ^{2, 9}

P. T. Baker ¹⁰

C. G. Bassa ¹¹

B. Bécsy ¹²

A. Berthereau ^{13, 14}

Matteo Bonetti ^{15, 16}

A. Brazier ¹⁷

Paul R. Brook ^{18, 19}

Marta Burgay ²⁰

S. Burke-Spolaor ^{18, 19, 21}

R N Caballero ²²

J A Casey Clyde ²³

A Chalumeau ^{5, 13, 14}

D. J. Champion ²

M Charisi ²⁴

S. Chatterjee ¹⁷

Siyuan Chen ^{13, 14}

I. Cognard ^{13, 14}

J. M. Cordes ¹⁷

N.J. CORNISH ¹²

Fronefield Crawford ²⁵

H T Cromartie ¹⁷

K. Crowter ²⁶

S. Dai ²⁷

M. E. DeCesar ²⁸

P. B. Demorest ²⁹

Gregory Desvignes ^{2, 30}

T Dolch ^{31, 32}

B Drachler ³³

M Falxa ⁵

E. C. Ferrara ^{34, 35, 36}

W Fiore ^{18, 19}

E. Fonseca ^{19, 37}

J. R. Gair ³⁸

N. Garver-Daniels ^{18, 19}

Boris Goncharov ^{39, 40}

D. C. Good ²⁶

E. Graikou ²

L. Guillemot ^{13, 14}

Y.J. Guo ²

Jeffrey S. Hazboun ⁴¹

G. Hobbs ⁴²

Huanchen Hu ²

K. Islo ⁴³

G. H. Janssen ^{11, 44}

R. J. Jennings ¹⁷

A. D. Johnson ⁴³

M. L. Jones ⁴³

A. R. Kaiser ^{18, 19}

David L. Kaplan ⁴³

R. Karuppusamy ²

M. J. Keith ⁴⁵

Luke Zoltan Kelley ⁴⁶

Matthew D. Kerr ⁴⁷

J. S. Key ⁴¹

Michael Kramer ^{2, 45}

M. T. Lam ^{33, 48}

W G Lamb ²⁴

T. J. W. Lazio ⁴⁹

K. J. Lee ^{2, 22, 50}

L. Lentati ⁵¹

K. Liu ²

J. Luo ⁵²

R. S. Lynch ⁵³

A. G. Lyne ⁴⁵

D. R. Madison ⁵⁴

R. A. Main ²

R. N. Manchester ⁴²

A. McEwen ⁴³

J. W. McKee ⁵⁵

Maura McLaughlin ^{18, 19}

M. B. Mickaliger ⁴⁵

Chiara M. F. Mingarelli ^{23, 56}

Cherry Ng ⁵⁷

D. J. Nice ⁵⁸

S. Osłowski ⁵⁹

A. Parthasarathy ²

T. T. Pennucci ⁶⁰

Benetge B. P. Perera ⁶¹

D. Perrodin ²⁰

A. Petiteau ⁵

N S Pol ²⁴

N. K. Porayko ²

A. Possenti ^{20, 62}

Scott M. Ransom ⁶³

Margarita Hernanz ⁶⁴

Daniel Reardon ^{7, 8}

C J Russell ⁶⁵

A. Samajdar ¹⁵

L. M. Sampson ⁴⁶

S. Sanidas ⁴⁵

J. M. Sarkissian ⁶⁶

K Schmitz ⁶⁷

L Schult ²⁴

A. Sesana ^{15, 16}

Golam M Shaifullah ^{15, 16}

R. D. Shannon ^{7, 8}

B J Shapiro Albert ^{18, 19}

X. Siemens ^{43, 68}

J. Simon ^{49, 69}

T. L. Smith ⁷⁰

Lorenzo Speri ³⁸

Renée Spiewak ^{7, 8, 45}

I H Stairs ²⁶

B. W. Stappers ⁴⁵

D. R. Stinebring ⁷¹

J. K. Swiggum ⁵⁸

S. R. Taylor ²⁴

G. Theureau ^{13, 14, 72}

C. Tiburzi ¹¹

Michele Vallisneri ^{49, 73}

E. van der Wateren ^{11, 44}

A. Vecchio ⁷⁴

J. P. W. Verbiest ^{2, 9}

S J Vigeland ⁴³

H. Wahl ^{18, 19}

J. B. Wang ⁷⁵

J Wang ⁹

Lin Wang ⁵⁰

C A Witt ^{18, 19}

S Zhang ⁷⁶

X.-J. Zhu ⁷⁷

Hide authors affiliations Show authors affiliations: 77 affiliations

Institute of Astrophysics, FORTH, N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece |

Max-Planck-Institut für RadioAstronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany |

Argelander Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, D-53117 Bonn, Germany |

⁴

X-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA |

⁵

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France |

⁶

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow region, Russia |

⁷

Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia |

⁸

Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), Swinburne, PO Box 218, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia |

⁹

Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany |

¹⁰

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Widener University, One University Place, Chester, PA 19013, USA |

¹¹

ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands |

¹²

Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA |

¹³

Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace LPC2E UMR7328, Université d’Orléans, CNRS, F-45071 Orléans, France |

¹⁴

Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Université d’Orléans, F-18330 Nançay, France

Observatoire de Paris

Paris Sciences et Lettres

Université d'Orléans

¹⁵

Dipartimento di Fisica ‘G. Occhialini’, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126 Milano, Italy |

¹⁶

INFN, sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126 Milano, Italy

University of Milano-Bicocca

National Institute for Nuclear Physics

¹⁷

Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA |

¹⁸

Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA |

¹⁹

Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA |

²⁰

INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy

National Institute for Astrophysics

Astronomical Observatory of Cagliari

²¹

Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar, MaRS Centre West Tower, 661 University Ave. Suite 505, Toronto ON M5G 1M1, Canada |

²²

Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China |

²³

Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, 196 Auditorium Road, U-3046, Storrs, CT 06269-3046, USA |

²⁴

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA |

²⁵

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA |

²⁶

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada |

²⁷

School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 2751, Australia |

²⁸

George Mason University, resident at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA

George Mason University

United States Naval Research Laboratory

²⁹

National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 1003 Lopezville Rd., Socorro, NM 87801, USA |

³⁰

LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France

Sorbonne University

Observatoire de Paris

Paris Sciences et Lettres

³¹

Department of Physics, Hillsdale College, 33 E. College Street, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA |

³²

Eureka Scientific, Inc., 2452 Delmer Street, Suite 100, Oakland, CA 94602-3017, USA |

³³

School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA |

³⁴

Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA |

³⁵

Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA |

³⁶

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA |

³⁷

Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, PO Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA |

³⁸

Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Muühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany |

³⁹

Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy |

⁴⁰

INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy

National Institute for Nuclear Physics

Gran Sasso National Laboratory

⁴¹

Physical Sciences Division, University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011, USA |

⁴²

Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO Space and Astronomy, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia |

⁴³

Center for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA |

⁴⁴

Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands |

⁴⁵

Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK |

⁴⁶

Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA |

⁴⁷

Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA |

⁴⁸

Laboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA |

⁴⁹

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

California Institute of Technology

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

⁵⁰

National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China |

⁵¹

Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK |

⁵²

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto ON M5S 3H4, Canada |

⁵³

Green Bank Observatory, PO Box 2, Green Bank, WV 24944, USA |

⁵⁴

Department of Physics, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Ave., Stockton, CA 95211, USA |

⁵⁵

Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto ON M5S 3H8, Canada |

⁵⁶

Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA |

⁵⁷

Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto ON M5S 3H4, Canada |

⁵⁸

Department of Physics, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA |

⁵⁹

Manly Astrophysics, 15/41-42 East Esplanade, Manly, NSW 2095, Australia |

⁶⁰

Institute of Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P.s. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary |

⁶¹

Arecibo Observatory, HC3 Box 53995, Arecibo, PR 00612, USA |

⁶²

Università di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Fisica, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0, I-700-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy |

⁶³

National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA |

⁶⁴

U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA |

⁶⁵

CSIRO Scientific Computing Services, Australian Technology Park, Locked Bag 9013, Alexandria, NSW 1435, Australia |

⁶⁶

Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO Space and Astronomy, PO Box 276, Parkes, NSW 2870, Australia |

⁶⁷

Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland |

⁶⁸

Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA |

⁶⁹

Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA |

⁷⁰

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA |

⁷¹

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA |

⁷²

Laboratoire Univers et Théories LUTh, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-92190 Meudon, France

Observatoire de Paris

Paris Sciences et Lettres

⁷³

Theoretical AstroPhysics Including Relativity (TAPIR), MC 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA |

⁷⁴

Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK |

⁷⁵

Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 150 Science 1-Street, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China |

⁷⁶

Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China |

⁷⁷

Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, P. R. China |

Publication type: Journal Article

Publication date: 2022-01-19

Oxford University Press

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

scimago Q1

wos Q1

SJR: 1.702

CiteScore: 9.7

Impact factor: 4.8

ISSN: 00358711, 13652966, 13658711

DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab3418

Copy DOI

Space and Planetary Science

Astronomy and Astrophysics

Abstract

ABSTRACT

We searched for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background in the second data release of the International Pulsar Timing Array, a global collaboration synthesizing decadal-length pulsar-timing campaigns in North America, Europe, and Australia. In our reference search for a power-law strain spectrum of the form $h_c = A(f/1\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1})^{\alpha }$, we found strong evidence for a spectrally similar low-frequency stochastic process of amplitude $A = 3.8^{+6.3}_{-2.5}\times 10^{-15}$ and spectral index α = −0.5 ± 0.5, where the uncertainties represent 95 per cent credible regions, using information from the auto- and cross-correlation terms between the pulsars in the array. For a spectral index of α = −2/3, as expected from a population of inspiralling supermassive black hole binaries, the recovered amplitude is $A = 2.8^{+1.2}_{-0.8}\times 10^{-15}$. None the less, no significant evidence of the Hellings–Downs correlations that would indicate a gravitational-wave origin was found. We also analysed the constituent data from the individual pulsar timing arrays in a consistent way, and clearly demonstrate that the combined international data set is more sensitive. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this combined data set produces comparable constraints to recent single-array data sets which have more data than the constituent parts of the combination. Future international data releases will deliver increased sensitivity to gravitational wave radiation, and significantly increase the detection probability.

Found

1 citation

Marshall Thomas

30 publications, 1 094 citations, 2 reviews

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Antoniadis J. et al. The International Pulsar Timing Array second data release: Search for an isotropic gravitational wave background // Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2022. Vol. 510. No. 4. pp. 4873-4887.

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@article{2022_Antoniadis,

author = {J. Antoniadis and Z. Arzoumanian and S. Babak and M Bailes and A.-S. Bak Nielsen and P. T. Baker and C. G. Bassa and B. Bécsy and A. Berthereau and Matteo Bonetti and A. Brazier and Paul R. Brook and Marta Burgay and S. Burke-Spolaor and R N Caballero and J A Casey Clyde and A Chalumeau and D. J. Champion and M Charisi and S. Chatterjee and Siyuan Chen and I. Cognard and J. M. Cordes and N.J. CORNISH and Fronefield Crawford and H T Cromartie and K. Crowter and S. Dai and M. E. DeCesar and P. B. Demorest and Gregory Desvignes and T Dolch and B Drachler and M Falxa and E. C. Ferrara and W Fiore and E. Fonseca and J. R. Gair and N. Garver-Daniels and Boris Goncharov and D. C. Good and E. Graikou and L. Guillemot and Y.J. Guo and Jeffrey S. Hazboun and G. Hobbs and Huanchen Hu and K. Islo and G. H. Janssen and R. J. Jennings and others},

title = {The International Pulsar Timing Array second data release: Search for an isotropic gravitational wave background},

journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},

year = {2022},

volume = {510},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

month = {jan},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3418},

number = {4},

pages = {4873--4887},

doi = {10.1093/mnras/stab3418}

}

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Antoniadis, J., et al. “The International Pulsar Timing Array second data release: Search for an isotropic gravitational wave background.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 510, no. 4, Jan. 2022, pp. 4873-4887. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3418.

Publisher

Oxford University Press

Journal

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

scimago Q1

wos Q1

SJR

1.702

CiteScore

9.7

Impact factor

4.8

ISSN

00358711 (Print)

13652966 (Electronic)

13658711 (Electronic)