Global Change Biology, volume 28, issue 9, pages 3110-3144

Global maps of soil temperature

J. Lembrechts ^{1, 2}

Johan van den Hoogen ^{3, 4}

Juha Aalto ^{5, 6, 7, 8}

Michael B Ashcroft ^{9, 10, 11, 12}

Pieter De Frenne ^{13, 14}

J Kemppinen ^{15, 16}

MARTIN KOPECKÝ ^{17, 18, 19, 20}

Miska Luoto ^{6, 8}

Ilya M. D. Maclean ^{21, 22}

Thomas W. Crowther ^{3, 4}

Joseph J Bailey ^{23, 24}

Stef Haesen ^{25, 26}

David H Klinges ^{27, 28, 29, 30}

P Niittynen ^{6, 8}

Brett R. Scheffers ^{31, 32}

Koenraad Van Meerbeek ^{25, 26}

Peter Aartsma ^{33, 34}

Otar Abdalaze ^{35, 36}

Mehdi Abedi ^{37, 38}

Rien Aerts ^{39, 40}

Negar Ahmadian ^{37, 38}

Antje Ahrends ^{41, 42}

Subrata Nandy ^{43, 44}

James W. Alexander ^{45, 46}

Camille Nina Allonsius ^{47, 48}

Jan Altman ^{17, 18, 19, 20}

C. Ammann ^{49, 50}

Christian Andres ^{51, 52}

C. Andrews ^{53, 54}

Jonas Ardö ^{55, 56}

N. Arriga ^{57, 58}

Alberto Arzac ^{59, 60}

VALERIA ASCHERO ^{61, 62, 63, 64}

Rafael Leandro Assis ^{65, 66}

Jakob J. Assmann ^{67, 68, 69, 70}

Maaike Y Bader ^{71, 72}

Khadijeh Bahalkeh ^{37, 38}

P Barančok ^{73, 74}

Isabel Barrio ^{75, 76}

Agustina Barros ^{62, 64}

Matti Barthel ^{51, 52}

Edmund W Basham ^{27, 29}

Marijn Bauters ^{77, 78}

Manuele Bazzichetto ^{79, 80}

Л. Белелли Маркезини ^{81, 82}

Michael C Bell ^{83, 84}

Juan C. Benavides ^{85, 86}

José Luis Benito Alonso ^{87, 88}

Bernd Josef Berauer ^{89, 90, 91, 92}

J. W. BJERKE ^{93, 94}

Robert G. Björk ^{95, 96, 97, 98}

Mats P. Björkman ^{95, 96, 97, 98}

Katrin Björnsdóttir ^{99, 100}

Benjamin W. Blonder ^{101, 102}

P. Boeckx ^{77, 78}

Julia Boike ^{103, 104, 105, 106}

Stef Bokhorst ^{39, 40}

Bárbara N S Brum ^{107, 108}

JOSEF BRŮNA ^{17, 19}

Nina Buchmann ^{51, 52}

Pauline Buysse ^{109, 110}

JOSÉ LUÍS C. CAMARGO ^{111, 112}

Otávio C Campoe ^{113, 114}

Onur Candan ^{115, 116}

Rafaella Canessa ^{71, 72, 117, 118}

Nicoletta Cannone ^{119, 120}

Michele Carbognani ^{121, 122}

J. Carnicer ^{123, 124, 125, 126}

Angélica Casanova-Katny ^{127, 128}

Simone Cesarz ^{129, 130, 131, 132}

Bogdan Chojnicki ^{133, 134}

P. Choler ^{135, 136, 137, 138}

Steven L. Chown ^{139, 140}

Edgar F Cifuentes ^{141, 142}

M. Čiliak ^{143, 144}

Tamara Contador Mejias ^{145, 146, 147, 148}

Peter Convey ^{149, 150}

Elisabeth Cooper ^{151, 152}

Edoardo Cremonese ^{153, 154}

Salvatore R Curasi ^{155, 156}

Robin Curtis ^{21, 22}

Maurizio Cutini ^{157, 158}

C Johan Dahlberg ^{159, 160, 161, 162}

Gergana N Daskalova ^{163, 164}

Miguel A. de Pablo ^{165, 166}

Stefano Della Chiesa ^{167, 168}

Jürgen Dengler ^{129, 131, 169, 170, 171, 172}

Bart Deronde ^{173, 174}

Patrice Descombes ^{175, 176}

Valter Di Cecco ^{177, 178}

Michele Di Musciano ^{179, 180}

J. Dick ^{53, 54}

Romina D Dimarco ^{181, 182, 183, 184}

Jiri Dolezal ^{17, 19, 185, 186}

Ellen Dorrepaal ^{187, 188}

Jiří Dušek ^{189, 190}

Nico Eisenhauer ^{129, 130, 131, 132}

Lars Eklundh ^{55, 56}

Todd E. Erickson ^{191, 192, 193, 194}

Brigitta Erschbamer ^{195, 196}

Werner Eugster ^{51, 52}

Robert M. Ewers ^{197, 198}

Dan A. Exton ^{199, 200}

Nicolas Fanin ^{201, 202}

Fatih Fazlioglu ^{115, 116}

Iris Feigenwinter ^{51, 52}

Giuseppe Fenu ^{203, 204}

Olga Ferlian ^{129, 130, 131, 132}

M Rosa Fernández Calzado ^{205, 206}

Eduardo Fernández Pascual ^{207, 208}

Manfred Finckh ^{209, 210}

R A Finger Higgens ^{211, 212}

Tai G W Forte ^{121, 122}

Erika C Freeman ^{213, 214}

Esther R. Frei ^{215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220}

Eduardo Fuentes Lillo ^{1, 2, 221, 222, 223, 224}

Rafael A. García ^{221, 223, 225, 226}

María Begoña Garcia ^{227, 228}

Charly Geron ^{1, 2, 229, 230}

Mana Gharun ^{51, 52}

Dany Ghosn ^{231, 232}

Khatuna Gigauri ^{233, 234}

A. Gobin ^{235, 236, 237, 238}

Ignacio Goded ^{57, 58}

Mathias Göckede ^{239, 240}

Felix Gottschall ^{129, 130, 131, 132}

KEITH W. T. GOULDING ^{241, 242}

Sanne Govaert ^{13, 14}

Bente Jessen Graae ^{243, 244}

Sarah Greenwood ^{245, 246}

Caroline Greiser ^{159, 161}

A. Grelle ^{247, 248}

Benoit Guénard ^{249, 250}

Mauro Guglielmin ^{251, 252}

Joannès Guillemot ^{253, 254, 255, 256}

Peter Haase ^{257, 258, 259, 260}

S A Haider ^{129, 131, 261, 262}

Aud H Halbritter ^{263, 264}

Maroof Hamid ^{265, 266}

Albin Hammerle ^{267, 268}

Arndt Hampe ^{269, 270}

Siri Vatsø Haugum ^{263, 264, 271, 272}

Lucia Hederová ^{17, 19}

Bernard Heinesch ^{273, 274}

Carole Helfter ^{53, 54}

Daniel Hepenstrick ^{275, 276}

Maximiliane Marion Herberich ^{277, 278}

Mathias Herbst ^{279, 280}

Luise Hermanutz ^{281, 282}

David S Hik ^{283, 284}

Raúl Hoffrén ^{285, 286}

Jürgen Homeier ^{287, 288, 289, 290}

Lukas Hörtnagl ^{51, 52}

Toke T. Høye ^{291, 292}

Filip Hrbáček ^{293, 294}

Kristoffer Hylander ^{159, 161}

Hiroki Iwata ^{295, 296}

M. Jackowicz-Korczynski ^{55, 56, 297, 298}

H. Jactel ^{299, 300}

Järvi Järveoja ^{301, 302}

S. Jastrzębowski ^{303, 304}

Anke Jentsch ^{90, 92, 305, 306}

Juan J. Jimenez ^{307, 308}

Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir ^{309, 310}

Tommaso Jucker ^{311, 312}

A. S. Jump ^{313, 314}

Radosław Juszczak ^{133, 134}

Róbert Kanka ^{73, 74}

Vít Kašpar ^{17, 19, 315, 316}

George Kazakis ^{231, 232}

Julia Kelly ^{317, 318}

Anzar Ahmad Khuroo ^{265, 266}

L. Klemedtsson ^{95, 97}

Marcin Klisz ^{303, 304}

N. Kljun ^{317, 318}

Alexander Knohl ^{319, 320}

Johannes Köbler ^{321, 322}

Jozef Kollár ^{73, 74}

M. M. Kotowska ^{288, 290}

B. Kovács ^{323, 324}

Jürgen Kreyling ^{325, 326}

Andrea Lamprecht ^{327, 328}

Simone Lang ^{329, 330}

Christian Nils Larson ^{331, 332}

Keith D. Larson ^{333, 334}

K. Láska ^{293, 294, 335, 336}

G. le Maire ^{253, 254, 255, 256}

Rachel I. Leihy ^{337, 338}

Luc Lens ^{339, 340}

Bengt Liljebladh ^{95, 97}

A. Lohila ^{341, 342, 343, 344}

Juan Lorite ^{205, 206, 345, 346}

Benjamin Loubet ^{109, 110}

Joshua Scott Lynn ^{263, 264}

MARTIN MACEK ^{17, 19}

Roy Mackenzie ^{145, 147}

Vincenzo Magliulo ^{347, 348}

Regine Maier ^{51, 52}

Francesco Malfasi ^{119, 120}

František Máliš ^{349, 350}

Matěj Man ^{17, 19}

Giovanni B. Manca ^{57, 58}

Antonio Manco ^{347, 348}

Tanguy Manise ^{273, 274}

Paraskevi Manolaki ^{351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356}

Felipe Marciniak ^{107, 108}

R Matula ^{18, 20, 357, 358}

Ana Clara Mazzolari ^{62, 64}

Sergiy Medinets ^{359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364}

Volodymyr Medinets ^{359, 362}

Camille Meeussen ^{13, 14}

S. Merinero ^{159, 161}

Rita De Cássia Guimarães Mesquita ^{365, 366}

Katrin Meusburger ^{367, 368}

Filip J. R. Meysman ^{369, 370}

Sean T. Michaletz ^{371, 372}

Ann Milbau ^{373, 374}

Dmitry Moiseev ^{375, 376}

Pavel Moiseev ^{375, 376}

Andrea Mondoni ^{377, 378}

Ruth Monfries ^{41, 42}

Leonardo Montagnani ^{379, 380}

Mikel Moriana Armendariz ^{151, 152}

Umberto Morra di Cella ^{381, 382}

Martin A. Mörsdorf ^{383, 384}

Jonathan R Mosedale ^{385, 386}

Lena Muffler ^{288, 290}

Miriam Muñoz-Rojas ^{387, 388, 389, 390}

J A Myers ^{391, 392}

I. H. Myers-Smith ^{163, 164}

Laszlo Nagy ^{393, 394}

M. Nardino ^{395, 396}

Ilona Naujokaitis Lewis ^{397, 398}

Emily Newling ^{399, 400}

L Nicklas ^{195, 196}

Georg Niedrist ^{401, 402}

Armin Niessner ^{403, 404}

M. B. Nilsson ^{301, 302}

Signe Normand ^{67, 68, 69, 70}

M D Nosetto ^{405, 406, 407, 408}

Yann Nouvellon ^{253, 254, 255, 256}

Martin A. Nuñez ^{182, 184, 409, 410}

Romà Ogaya ^{411, 412, 413, 414}

J. Ogée ^{201, 202}

Joseph Okello ^{77, 78, 415, 416, 417, 418}

J Olejnik ^{419, 420}

Jørgen E Olesen ^{360, 363}

Øystein H. Opedal ^{421, 422}

SIMONE ORSENIGO ^{377, 378}

Andrej Palaj ^{73, 74}

Timo Pampuch ^{423, 424}

Alexey V. Panov ^{425, 426}

Meelis Pärtel ^{427, 428}

Ada Pastor ^{352, 355}

Aníbal Pauchard ^{221, 223, 225, 226}

Harald Pauli ^{327, 328}

Marian Pavelka ^{189, 190}

William D. Pearse ^{429, 430, 431, 432}

M. Peichl ^{301, 302}

Loïc Pellissier ^{433, 434, 435, 436}

Rachel M. Penczykowski ^{391, 392}

Josep Peñuelas ^{411, 412, 413, 414}

Matteo Petit Bon ^{17, 19, 151, 152, 329, 330}

Alessandro Petraglia ^{121, 122}

Shyam S. Phartyal ^{437, 438}

G. K. Phoenix ^{439, 440}

Casimiro Pio ^{441, 442}

Andrea Pitacco ^{443, 444}

Camille Pitteloud ^{433, 434, 435, 436}

Roman Plichta ^{357, 358}

Francesco Porro ^{377, 378}

Miguel Portillo-Estrada ^{1, 2}

Jérôme Poulenard ^{445, 446}

R. Poyatos ^{124, 126, 447, 448}

Anatoly S. Prokushkin ^{59, 60, 425, 426}

Radosław Puchałka ^{449, 450, 451, 452}

Mihai Pușcaș ^{453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458}

Dajana Radujković ^{1, 2}

Krystal Randall ^{9, 11, 459, 460}

Amanda Ratier Backes ^{129, 131, 261, 262}

Sabine Remmele ^{403, 404}

Wolfram Remmers ^{461, 462}

D Renault ^{79, 80, 463, 464}

ANITA C. RISCH ^{217, 220}

Christian Rixen ^{215, 216, 218, 219}

Sharon K. Robinson ^{9, 11, 459, 460}

Bjorn J. M. Robroek ^{465, 466}

Adrian V. Rocha ^{467, 468}

Christian Rossi ^{469, 470, 471, 472}

Graziano Rossi ^{377, 378}

Olivier Roupsard ^{473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478}

Alexey V Rubtsov ^{59, 60}

Patrick Saccone ^{327, 328}

Clotilde Sagot ^{479, 480}

Jhonatan Sallo Bravo ^{481, 482, 483, 484}

Cinthya Chiva Santos ^{485, 486}

Judith M. Sarneel ^{487, 488}

T Scharnweber ^{423, 424}

Jonas Schmeddes ^{325, 326}

Marius Schmidt ^{489, 490}

Thomas Scholten ^{491, 492}

Max A Schuchardt ^{90, 92}

Naomi Schwartz ^{493, 494}

Tony Scott ^{241, 242}

JULIA SEEBER ^{267, 268, 401, 402}

Ana Cristina Segalin De Andrade ^{485, 486}

Tim Seipel ^{331, 332}

Philipp Semenchuk ^{495, 496}

Rebecca A. Senior ^{497, 498}

Josep M Serra Diaz ^{499, 500}

Piotr Sewerniak ^{501, 502}

Ankit Shekhar ^{51, 52}

Nikita V Sidenko ^{425, 426}

Lukas Siebicke ^{319, 320}

Laura Siegwart Collier ^{281, 282, 503, 504}

Elizabeth G Simpson ^{429, 431}

David P Siqueira ^{505, 506}

Zuzana Sitková ^{507, 508}

Johan Six ^{51, 52}

Marko Smiljanic ^{423, 424}

Stuart W. Smith ^{243, 244, 509, 510}

Sarah Smith Tripp ⁵¹¹

Sarah Smith‐Tripp ⁵¹²

Ben Somers ^{513, 514}

Mia Vedel Sørensen ^{243, 244}

José João Lelis Leal De Souza ^{515, 516}

Bartolomeu Israel Souza ^{517, 518}

Arildo S Dias ^{485, 486, 519, 520}

Marko J Spasojevic ^{521, 522}

James Speed ^{523, 524}

Fabien Spicher ^{525, 526}

Angela Stanisci ^{527, 528}

Klaus Steinbauer ^{327, 328}

R. Steinbrecher ^{529, 530}

Michael Steinwandter ^{401, 402}

Michael Stemkovski ^{429, 431}

Jörg Stephan ^{531, 532}

Christian Stiegler ^{319, 320}

Stefan Stoll ^{461, 462, 533, 534}

Martin Svátek ^{357, 358}

Miroslav Svoboda ^{18, 20}

Torbern Tagesson ^{55, 56, 535, 536}

Andrew J. Tanentzap ^{213, 214}

Franziska Tanneberger ^{537, 538}

Jean-Paul Theurillat ^{539, 540, 541, 542}

Haydn J D Thomas ^{163, 164}

Andrew D Thomas ^{543, 544}

Katja Tielbörger ^{117, 118}

Marcello Tomaselli ^{121, 122}

Urs A. Treier ^{67, 68, 69, 70}

Mario Trouillier ^{423, 424}

Pavel D Turtureanu ^{453, 455, 456, 458, 545, 546}

Rosamond Tutton ^{547, 548}

Vilna Tyystjärvi ^{6, 8, 549, 550}

Masahito Ueyama ^{551, 552}

K. Ujházy ^{349, 350}

Mariana Ujházyová ^{143, 144}

Domas Uogintas ^{553, 554}

Anastasiya V Urban ^{357, 358, 425, 426}

Josef Urban ^{59, 60, 357, 358}

Marek Urbaniak ^{419, 420}

Tudor Mihai Ursu ^{555, 556}

F. Vaccari ^{557, 558}

Stijn Van De Vondel ^{559, 560}

L Van Den Brink ^{117, 118}

Maarten Van Geel ^{561, 562}

Vigdis Vandvik ^{263, 264}

Pieter Vangansbeke ^{13, 14}

Andrej Varlagin ^{563, 564}

G F (ciska) Veen ^{565, 566}

E. J. Veenendaal ^{567, 568}

Susanna E. Venn ^{569, 570}

Hans Verbeeck ^{571, 572}

E. Verbruggen ^{1, 2}

Frank G A Verheijen ^{573, 574}

Luis Villar ^{575, 576}

Luca Vitale ^{577, 578}

P Vittoz ^{579, 580}

Maria Vives Ingla ^{124, 126}

Jonathan Oppen ^{67, 68, 69, 70}

J. WALZ ^{333, 334}

Runxi Wang ^{249, 250}

Yifeng Wang ^{547, 548}

Robert G. Way ^{547, 548}

R. Wedegärtner ^{243, 244}

Robert Weigel ^{288, 290}

Jan Wild ^{17, 19, 315, 316}

Matt Wilkinson ^{83, 84}

Martin Wilmking ^{423, 424}

L. Wingate ^{201, 202}

Manuela Winkler ^{327, 328}

Sonja Wipf ^{215, 218, 469, 471}

Georg Wohlfahrt ^{267, 268}

G. Xenakis ^{581, 582}

Yan Yang ^{583, 584}

Zicheng Yu ^{585, 586, 587, 588}

Kailiang Yu ^{589, 590}

Florian Zellweger ^{217, 220}

Jian Zhang ^{591, 592}

Zhaochen Zhang ^{591, 592}

Peng Zhao ^{301, 302}

Klaudia Ziemblińska ^{419, 420}

Reiner Zimmermann ^{403, 404, 593, 594}

Shengwei Zong ^{595, 596}

Viacheslav I Zyryanov ^{425, 426}

I. Nijs ^{1, 2}

Jonathan Lenoir ^{525, 526}

Show full list: 407 authors

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Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems) University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium |

Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland |

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Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland |

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Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland |

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Department of Geosciences and Geography University of Helsinki Finland |

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Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland |

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Department of Geosciences and Geography University of Helsinki Finland |

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Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia |

¹⁰

Australian Museum Sydney Australia |

¹¹

Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia |

¹²

Australian Museum Sydney Australia |

¹³

Forest & Nature Lab Department of Environment Ghent University Melle‐Gontrode Belgium |

¹⁴

Forest & Nature Lab Department of Environment Ghent University Melle‐Gontrode Belgium |

¹⁵

Geography Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland |

¹⁶

Geography Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland |

¹⁷

Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic |

¹⁸

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague 6 ‐ Suchdol Czech Republic |

¹⁹

Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic |

²⁰

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague 6 ‐ Suchdol Czech Republic |

²¹

Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn UK |

²²

Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Penryn UK |

²³

Department of Geography York St John University York UK |

²⁴

Department of Geography York St John University York UK |

²⁵

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium |

²⁶

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium |

²⁷

School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA |

²⁸

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater Maryland USA |

²⁹

School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA |

³⁰

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater Maryland USA |

³¹

Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA |

³²

Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA |

³³

Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health University of South‐Eastern Norway Bø Norway |

³⁴

Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health University of South‐Eastern Norway Bø Norway |

³⁵

Alpine Ecosystems Research Program Institute of Ecology Ilia State University Tbilisi Georgia |

³⁶

Alpine Ecosystems Research Program Institute of Ecology Ilia State University Tbilisi Georgia |

³⁷

Department of Range Management Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Noor Iran |

³⁸

Department of Range Management Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Noor Iran |

³⁹

Department of Ecological Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands |

⁴⁰

Department of Ecological Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands |

⁴¹

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh UK |

⁴²

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh UK |

⁴³

Environmental Science Center Qatar University Doha Qatar |

⁴⁴

Environmental Science Center Qatar University Doha Qatar |

⁴⁵

Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zurich Zürich Switzerland |

⁴⁶

Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zurich Zürich Switzerland |

⁴⁷

Research group ECOBE University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium |

⁴⁸

Research group ECOBE University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium |

⁴⁹

Department of Agroecology and Environment Agroscope Research Institute Zürich Switzerland |

⁵⁰

Department of Agroecology and Environment Agroscope Research Institute Zürich Switzerland |

⁵¹

Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland |

⁵²

Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland |

⁵³

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Penicuik UK |

⁵⁴

UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Penicuik UK |

⁵⁵

Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund University Lund Sweden |

⁵⁶

Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund University Lund Sweden |

⁵⁷

European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) Ispra Italy |

⁵⁸

European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) Ispra Italy |

⁵⁹

Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk Russia |

⁶⁰

Siberian Federal University Krasnoyarsk Russia |

⁶¹

Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Mendoza Argentina |

⁶²

Instituto Argentino de Nivologiá Glaciologiá y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) CONICET CCT‐Mendoza Mendoza Argentina |

⁶³

Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Mendoza Argentina |

⁶⁴

Instituto Argentino de Nivologiá Glaciologiá y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) CONICET CCT‐Mendoza Mendoza Argentina |

⁶⁵

Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway |

⁶⁶

Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway |

⁶⁷

Center for Sustainable Landscapes Under Global Change Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark |

⁶⁸

Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark |

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Center for Sustainable Landscapes Under Global Change Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark |

⁷⁰

Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark |

⁷¹

Ecological Plant Geography Faculty of Geography University of Marburg Marburg Germany |

⁷²

Ecological Plant Geography Faculty of Geography University of Marburg Marburg Germany |

⁷³

Institute of Landscape Ecology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia |

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Institute of Landscape Ecology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia |

⁷⁵

Faculty of Environmental and Forest Sciences Agricultural University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland |

⁷⁶

Faculty of Environmental and Forest Sciences Agricultural University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland |

⁷⁷

Isotope Bioscience Laboratory ‐ ISOFYS Ghent University Gent Belgium |

⁷⁸

Isotope Bioscience Laboratory ‐ ISOFYS Ghent University Gent Belgium |

⁷⁹

Université de Rennes CNRS EcoBio (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France |

⁸⁰

Université de Rennes CNRS EcoBio (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France |

⁸¹

Department of Sustainable Agro‐ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all’Adige Italy |

⁸²

Department of Sustainable Agro‐ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all’Adige Italy |

⁸³

Forest Research Alice Holt Lodge Wrecclesham, Farnham UK |

⁸⁴

Forest Research Alice Holt Lodge Wrecclesham, Farnham UK |

⁸⁵

Department of Ecology Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogota Colombia |

⁸⁶

Department of Ecology Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogota Colombia |

⁸⁷

Jolube Consultor Botánico. C/Mariano R de Ledesma Jaca, Huesca Spain |

⁸⁸

Jolube Consultor Botánico. C/Mariano R de Ledesma Jaca, Huesca Spain |

⁸⁹

Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology Department of Plant Ecology University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany |

⁹⁰

Disturbance Ecology BayCEER University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany |

⁹¹

Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology Department of Plant Ecology University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany |

⁹²

Disturbance Ecology BayCEER University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany |

⁹³

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research FRAM ‐ High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment Tromsø Norway |

⁹⁴

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research FRAM ‐ High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment Tromsø Norway |

⁹⁵

Department of Earth Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden |

⁹⁶

Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden |

⁹⁷

Department of Earth Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden |

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Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden |

⁹⁹

Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden |

¹⁰⁰

Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden |

¹⁰¹

Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley California USA |

¹⁰²

Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley California USA |

¹⁰³

Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research Telegrafenberg A45 Potsdam Germany |

¹⁰⁴

Geography Department Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Germany |

¹⁰⁵

Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research Telegrafenberg A45 Potsdam Germany |

¹⁰⁶

Geography Department Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Germany |

¹⁰⁷

Pós‐Graduação em Ciências de Florestas Tropicais Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brasil |

¹⁰⁸

Pós‐Graduação em Ciências de Florestas Tropicais Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brasil |

¹⁰⁹

UMR ECOSYS INRAE Uinversité Paris Saclay AgroParisTech France |

¹¹⁰

UMR ECOSYS INRAE Uinversité Paris Saclay AgroParisTech France |

¹¹¹

Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project BDFFP Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil |

¹¹²

Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project BDFFP Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil |

¹¹³

Department of Forest Sciences Federal University of Lavras Lavras Brazil |

¹¹⁴

Department of Forest Sciences Federal University of Lavras Lavras Brazil |

¹¹⁵

Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Ordu University Ordu Turkey |

¹¹⁶

Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Ordu University Ordu Turkey |

¹¹⁷

Plant Ecology Group Department of Evolution and Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany |

¹¹⁸

Plant Ecology Group Department of Evolution and Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany |

¹¹⁹

Department of Science and High Technology Insubria University Como Italy |

¹²⁰

Department of Science and High Technology Insubria University Como Italy |

¹²¹

Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parma Italy |

¹²²

Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parma Italy |

¹²³

Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio) University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain |

¹²⁴

CREAF E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Spain |

¹²⁵

Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBIO) University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain |

¹²⁶

CREAF E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Spain |

¹²⁷

Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Vegetal y Cambio Climático Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Vegetal y Cambio Climático Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública Universidad Católica de Temuco Campus Luis Rivas del Canto and Núcleo de Estudios Ambientales (NEA) Facultad de Recursos Naturales Universidad Católica de Temuco Temuco Chile |

¹²⁸

¹²⁹

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany |

¹³⁰

Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany |

¹³¹

German Centre for integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany |

¹³²

Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany |

¹³³

Laboratory of Bioclimatology Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection Poznan University of Life Sciences Poznan Poland |

¹³⁴

Laboratory of Bioclimatology Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection Poznan University of Life Sciences Poznan Poland |

¹³⁵

Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France |

¹³⁶

Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LTSER Zone Atelier Alpes Grenoble France |

¹³⁷

Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France |

¹³⁸

Univ. Grenoble Alpes Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LTSER Zone Atelier Alpes Grenoble France |

¹³⁹

Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia |

¹⁴⁰

Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia |

¹⁴¹

Forest Ecology and Conservation Group Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK |

¹⁴²

Forest Ecology and Conservation Group Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK |

¹⁴³

Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Technical University in Zvolen Zvolen Slovakia |

¹⁴⁴

Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Technical University in Zvolen Zvolen Slovakia |

¹⁴⁵

Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE) University Austral of Chile Valdivia Chile |

¹⁴⁶

Cape Horn International Center (CHIC) Puerto Williams Chile |

¹⁴⁷

Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE) University Austral of Chile Valdivia Chile |

¹⁴⁸

Cape Horn International Center (CHIC) Puerto Williams Chile |

¹⁴⁹

British Antarctic Survey NERC, High Cross Cambridge UK |

¹⁵⁰

British Antarctic Survey NERC, High Cross Cambridge UK |

¹⁵¹

Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences Fisheries and Economics UiT‐The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway |

¹⁵²

Department of Arctic and Marine Biology Faculty of Biosciences Fisheries and Economics UiT‐The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway |

¹⁵³

Climate Change Unit Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley Italy |

¹⁵⁴

Climate Change Unit Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley Italy |

¹⁵⁵

Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana USA |

¹⁵⁶

Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana USA |

¹⁵⁷

Department of Science University of Roma Tre Rome Italy |

¹⁵⁸

Department of Science University of Roma Tre Rome Italy |

¹⁵⁹

Department of Ecology Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden |

¹⁶⁰

The County Administrative Board of Västra Götaland Gothenburg Sweden |

¹⁶¹

Department of Ecology Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden |

¹⁶²

The County Administrative Board of Västra Götaland Gothenburg Sweden |

¹⁶³

School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK |

¹⁶⁴

School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK |

¹⁶⁵

Department of Geology, Geography and Environment University of Alcalá Madrid Spain |

¹⁶⁶

Department of Geology, Geography and Environment University of Alcalá Madrid Spain |

¹⁶⁷

Chair of Geoinformatics Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany |

¹⁶⁸

Chair of Geoinformatics Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany |

¹⁶⁹

Vegetation Ecology Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR) ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences Wädenswil Switzerland |

¹⁷⁰

Plant Ecology Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany |

¹⁷¹

Vegetation Ecology Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR) ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences Wädenswil Switzerland |

¹⁷²

Plant Ecology Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany |

¹⁷³

VITO‐TAP Mol Belgium |

¹⁷⁴

VITO‐TAP Mol Belgium |

¹⁷⁵

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland |

¹⁷⁶

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland |

¹⁷⁷

Majella Seed Bank Majella National Park Colle Madonna Lama dei Peligni Italy |

¹⁷⁸

Majella Seed Bank Majella National Park Colle Madonna Lama dei Peligni Italy |

¹⁷⁹

Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila L'Aquila Italy |

¹⁸⁰

Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila L'Aquila Italy |

¹⁸¹

Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos IFAB (INTA ‐ CONICET) Bariloche Argentina |

¹⁸²

Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston Texas USA |

¹⁸³

Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos IFAB (INTA ‐ CONICET) Bariloche Argentina |

¹⁸⁴

Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston Texas USA |

¹⁸⁵

Faculty of Science Department of Botany University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic |

¹⁸⁶

Faculty of Science Department of Botany University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic |

¹⁸⁷

Climate Impacts Research Centre Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Abisko Sweden |

¹⁸⁸

Climate Impacts Research Centre Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Abisko Sweden |

¹⁸⁹

Global Change Research Institute Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Czech Republic |

¹⁹⁰

Global Change Research Institute Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Czech Republic |

¹⁹¹

School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia |

¹⁹²

Kings Park Science Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park Australia |

¹⁹³

School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia |

¹⁹⁴

Kings Park Science Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park Australia |

¹⁹⁵

Department of Botany Faculty of Biology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria |

¹⁹⁶

Department of Botany Faculty of Biology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria |

¹⁹⁷

Imperial College London Ascot UK |

¹⁹⁸

Imperial College London Ascot UK |

¹⁹⁹

Operation Wallacea Lincolnshire UK |

²⁰⁰

Operation Wallacea Lincolnshire UK |

²⁰¹

INRAE Bordeaux Sciences Agro UMR 1391 ISPA Villenave d'Ornon France |

²⁰²

INRAE Bordeaux Sciences Agro UMR 1391 ISPA Villenave d'Ornon France |

²⁰³

Department of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy |

²⁰⁴

Department of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy |

²⁰⁵

Department of Botany University of Granada Granada Spain |

²⁰⁶

Department of Botany University of Granada Granada Spain |

²⁰⁷

IMIB – Biodiversity Research Institute University of Oviedo Mieres Spain |

²⁰⁸

IMIB – Biodiversity Research Institute University of Oviedo Mieres Spain |

²⁰⁹

Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany |

²¹⁰

Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany |

²¹¹

Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA |

²¹²

Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire USA |

²¹³

Ecosystems and Global Change Group Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK |

²¹⁴

Ecosystems and Global Change Group Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK |

²¹⁵

WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Davos Dorf Switzerland |

²¹⁶

Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERC Davos Dorf Switzerland |

²¹⁷

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland |

²¹⁸

WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Davos Dorf Switzerland |

²¹⁹

Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERC Davos Dorf Switzerland |

²²⁰

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland |

²²¹

Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB) Facultad de Ciencias Forestales Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile |

²²²

School of Education and Social Sciences Adventist University of Chile Chile |

²²³

Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB) Facultad de Ciencias Forestales Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile |

²²⁴

School of Education and Social Sciences Adventist University of Chile Chile |

²²⁵

Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Santiago Chile |

²²⁶

Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB) Santiago Chile |

²²⁷

Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC) Zaragoza Spain |

²²⁸

Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC) Zaragoza Spain |

²²⁹

Biodiversity and Landscape TERRA Research Centre Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux Belgium |

²³⁰

Biodiversity and Landscape TERRA Research Centre Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux Belgium |

²³¹

Department of Geo‐information in Environmental Management Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania Chania Greece |

²³²

Department of Geo‐information in Environmental Management Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania Chania Greece |

²³³

Department of Environmental Management and Policy Georgian Institute of Public Affairs Tbilisi Georgia |

²³⁴

Department of Environmental Management and Policy Georgian Institute of Public Affairs Tbilisi Georgia |

²³⁵

Flemish Institute for Technological Research Mol Belgium |

²³⁶

Department of Earth and Environmental Science Faculty of BioScience Engineering KULeuven Belgium |

²³⁷

Flemish Institute for Technological Research Mol Belgium |

²³⁸

Department of Earth and Environmental Science Faculty of BioScience Engineering KULeuven Belgium |

²³⁹

Department of Biogeochemical Signals Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany |

²⁴⁰

Department of Biogeochemical Signals Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany |

²⁴¹

Sustainable Agricultural Sciences Department Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK |

²⁴²

Sustainable Agricultural Sciences Department Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK |

²⁴³

Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway |

²⁴⁴

Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway |

²⁴⁵

Biodiversity, Wildlife and Ecosystem Health Biomedical Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK |

²⁴⁶

Biodiversity, Wildlife and Ecosystem Health Biomedical Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK |

²⁴⁷

Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden |

²⁴⁸

Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden |

²⁴⁹

School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China |

²⁵⁰

School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China |

²⁵¹

Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences Insubria University Varese Italy |

²⁵²

Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences Insubria University Varese Italy |

²⁵³

CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols Montpellier France |

²⁵⁴

Eco&Sols Univ Montpellier CIRAD INRAE IRD Montpellier SupAgro Montpellier France

²⁵⁵

CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols Montpellier France |

²⁵⁶

Eco&Sols Univ Montpellier CIRAD INRAE IRD Montpellier SupAgro Montpellier France

²⁵⁷

Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Gelnhausen Germany |

²⁵⁸

Faculty of Biology University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany |

²⁵⁹

Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Gelnhausen Germany |

²⁶⁰

Faculty of Biology University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany |

²⁶¹

Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany |

²⁶²

Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany |

²⁶³

Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway

²⁶⁴

Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research University of Bergen Bergen Norway

²⁶⁵

Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy Department of Botany University of Kashmir Srinagar India |

²⁶⁶

Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy Department of Botany University of Kashmir Srinagar India |

²⁶⁷

Department of Ecology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria |

²⁶⁸

Department of Ecology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria |

²⁶⁹

INRAE Univ. Bordeaux BIOGECO Cestas France |

²⁷⁰

INRAE Univ. Bordeaux BIOGECO Cestas France |

²⁷¹

The Heathland Centre Alver Norway |

²⁷²

The Heathland Centre Alver Norway |

²⁷³

TERRA Teaching and Research Center Faculty of Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liege Gembloux Belgium |

²⁷⁴

TERRA Teaching and Research Center Faculty of Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liege Gembloux Belgium |

²⁷⁵

Vegetation Ecology Institute of Natural Resource Sciences ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences Grüental Switzerland |

²⁷⁶

Vegetation Ecology Institute of Natural Resource Sciences ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences Grüental Switzerland |

²⁷⁷

Institute for Botany University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Vienna Austria |

²⁷⁸

Institute for Botany University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Vienna Austria |

²⁷⁹

Centre for Agrometeorological Research (ZAMF) German Meteorological Service (DWD) Braunschweig Germany |

²⁸⁰

Centre for Agrometeorological Research (ZAMF) German Meteorological Service (DWD) Braunschweig Germany |

²⁸¹

Dept of Biology Memorial University St. John's Newfoundland Canada |

²⁸²

Dept of Biology Memorial University St. John's Newfoundland Canada |

²⁸³

Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada |

²⁸⁴

Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada |

²⁸⁵

Department of Geography University of Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain |

²⁸⁶

Department of Geography University of Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain |

²⁸⁷

Faculty of Resource Management HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts Göttingen Germany |

²⁸⁸

Plant Ecology Albrecht‐von‐Haller‐Institute for Plant Sciences Georg‐August University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany |

²⁸⁹

Faculty of Resource Management HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts Göttingen Germany |

²⁹⁰

Plant Ecology Albrecht‐von‐Haller‐Institute for Plant Sciences Georg‐August University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany |

²⁹¹

Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research Centre Aarhus University Rønde Denmark |

²⁹²

Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research Centre Aarhus University Rønde Denmark |

²⁹³

Department of Geography Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic |

²⁹⁴

Department of Geography Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic |

²⁹⁵

Department of Environmental Science Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan |

²⁹⁶

Department of Environmental Science Shinshu University Matsumoto Japan |

²⁹⁷

Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research Centre Aarhus University Roskilde Denmark |

²⁹⁸

Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research Centre Aarhus University Roskilde Denmark |

²⁹⁹

INRAE University of Bordeaux BIOGECO Cestas France |

³⁰⁰

INRAE University of Bordeaux BIOGECO Cestas France |

³⁰¹

Department of Forest Ecology and management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden |

³⁰²

Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden |

³⁰³

Department of Silviculture and Forest Tree Genetics Forest Research Institute Raszyn Poland |

³⁰⁴

Department of Silviculture and Forest Tree Genetics Forest Research Institute Raszyn Poland |

³⁰⁵

Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research Bayreuth Germany |

³⁰⁶

Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research Bayreuth Germany |

³⁰⁷

ARAID/IPE‐CSIC Pyrenean Institute of Ecology Avda. Llano de la Victoria Spain |

³⁰⁸

ARAID/IPE‐CSIC Pyrenean Institute of Ecology Avda. Llano de la Victoria Spain |

³⁰⁹

Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland |

³¹⁰

Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland |

³¹¹

School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK |

³¹²

School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK |

³¹³

Biological and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Scotland |

³¹⁴

Biological and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Scotland |

³¹⁵

Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague 6 ‐ Suchdol Czech Republic |

³¹⁶

Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague 6 ‐ Suchdol Czech Republic |

³¹⁷

Centre for Environmental and Climate Science Lund University Lund Sweden |

³¹⁸

Centre for Environmental and Climate Science Lund University Lund Sweden |

³¹⁹

Bioclimatology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany |

³²⁰

Bioclimatology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany |

³²¹

Environment Agency Austria Vienna Austria |

³²²

Environment Agency Austria Vienna Austria |

³²³

Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary

³²⁴

Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary

³²⁵

Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany |

³²⁶

Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany |

³²⁷

GLORIA Coordination Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) & Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria

³²⁸

³²⁹

Department of Arctic Biology The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) Longyearbyen, Svalbard Norway |

³³⁰

Department of Arctic Biology The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) Longyearbyen, Svalbard Norway |

³³¹

Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA |

³³²

Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA |

³³³

Climate Impacts Research Centre Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Umeå University Abisko Sweden |

³³⁴

Climate Impacts Research Centre Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Umeå University Abisko Sweden |

³³⁵

Centre for Polar Ecology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic |

³³⁶

Centre for Polar Ecology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic |

³³⁷

School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia |

³³⁸

School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia |

³³⁹

Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University Gent Belgium |

³⁴⁰

Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University Gent Belgium |

³⁴¹

Finnish Meteorological Institute Climate System Research Helsinki Finland |

³⁴²

INAR Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics Faculty of Science University of Helsinki Finland |

³⁴³

Finnish Meteorological Institute Climate System Research Helsinki Finland |

³⁴⁴

INAR Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics Faculty of Science University of Helsinki Finland |

³⁴⁵

Interuniversity Institute for Earth System Research University of Granada Granada Spain |

³⁴⁶

Interuniversity Institute for Earth System Research University of Granada Granada Spain |

³⁴⁷

CNR Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean Portici (Napoli) Italy |

³⁴⁸

CNR Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean Portici (Napoli) Italy |

³⁴⁹

Faculty of Forestry Technical University in Zvolen Zvolen Slovakia |

³⁵⁰

Faculty of Forestry Technical University in Zvolen Zvolen Slovakia |

³⁵¹

School of Pure & Applied Sciences Environmental Conservation and Management Programme Open University of Cyprus Latsia Cyprus |

³⁵²

Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark |

³⁵³

Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies AIAS Høegh‐Guldbergs Gade 6B Aarhus Denmark |

³⁵⁴

School of Pure & Applied Sciences Environmental Conservation and Management Programme Open University of Cyprus Latsia Cyprus |

³⁵⁵

Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark |

³⁵⁶

Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies AIAS Høegh‐Guldbergs Gade 6B Aarhus Denmark |

³⁵⁷

Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Brno Czech Republic |

³⁵⁸

Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Brno Czech Republic |

³⁵⁹

Regional Centre for Integrated Environmental Monitoring Odesa National I.I. Mechnikov University Odesa Ukraine |

³⁶⁰

Department of Agroecology Aarhus University Tjele Denmark |

³⁶¹

NGO New Energy Kharkiv Ukraine |

³⁶²

Regional Centre for Integrated Environmental Monitoring Odesa National I.I. Mechnikov University Odesa Ukraine |

³⁶³

Department of Agroecology Aarhus University Tjele Denmark |

³⁶⁴

NGO New Energy Kharkiv Ukraine |

³⁶⁵

Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil |

³⁶⁶

Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil |

³⁶⁷

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) Birmensdorf Switzerland |

³⁶⁸

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape research (WSL) Birmensdorf Switzerland |

³⁶⁹

Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium |

³⁷⁰

Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium |

³⁷¹

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada |

³⁷²

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada |

³⁷³

Department of Environment Province of Antwerp Antwerpen Belgium |

³⁷⁴

Department of Environment Province of Antwerp Antwerpen Belgium |

³⁷⁵

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of Ural Division of Russian Academy of Science Ekaterinburg Russia |

³⁷⁶

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of Ural Division of Russian Academy of Science Ekaterinburg Russia |

³⁷⁷

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy |

³⁷⁸

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy |

³⁷⁹

Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bolzano Bolzano Italy |

³⁸⁰

Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bolzano Bolzano Italy |

³⁸¹

Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley Saint‐Christophe Italy |

³⁸²

Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley Saint‐Christophe Italy |

³⁸³

Chair of Geobotany University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany |

³⁸⁴

Chair of Geobotany University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany |

³⁸⁵

Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall UK |

³⁸⁶

Environment and Sustainability Institute University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall UK |

³⁸⁷

Centre for Ecosystem Science School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia |

³⁸⁸

Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of Seville Seville Spain |

³⁸⁹

Centre for Ecosystem Science School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia |

³⁹⁰

Department of Plant Biology and Ecology University of Seville Seville Spain |

³⁹¹

Department of Biology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA |

³⁹²

Department of Biology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA |

³⁹³

Department of Animal Biology Institute of Biology University of Campinas Campinas Brazil |

³⁹⁴

Department of Animal Biology Institute of Biology University of Campinas Campinas Brazil |

³⁹⁵

CNR Institute of BioEconomy Bologna Italy |

³⁹⁶

CNR Institute of BioEconomy Bologna Italy |

³⁹⁷

National Wildlife Research Centre Environment and Climate Change Canada Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada

³⁹⁸

National Wildlife Research Centre Environment and Climate Change Canada Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada

³⁹⁹

School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia |

⁴⁰⁰

School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia |

⁴⁰¹

Institute for Alpine Environment Eurac Research Bozen/Bolzano Italy |

⁴⁰²

Institute for Alpine Environment Eurac Research Bozen/Bolzano Italy |

⁴⁰³

Institute of Biology Department of Molecular Botany University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany |

⁴⁰⁴

Institute of Biology Department of Molecular Botany University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany |

⁴⁰⁵

Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis IMASL, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de San Luis San Luis Argentina |

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Cátedra de Climatología Agrícola (FCA‐UNER) Entre Ríos Argentina |

⁴⁰⁷

Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis IMASL, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de San Luis San Luis Argentina |

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Cátedra de Climatología Agrícola (FCA‐UNER) Entre Ríos Argentina |

⁴⁰⁹

Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones INIBIOMA CONICET/ Universidad Nacional del Comahue Bariloche Argentina |

⁴¹⁰

Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones INIBIOMA CONICET/ Universidad Nacional del Comahue Bariloche Argentina |

⁴¹¹

CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐ CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Spain

⁴¹²

CREAF Spain |

⁴¹³

CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF‐ CSIC‐UAB Bellaterra Spain

⁴¹⁴

CREAF Spain |

⁴¹⁵

Mountains of the Moon University Fort Portal Uganda |

⁴¹⁶

National Agricultural Research Organisation Mbarara Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute Mbarara Uganda |

⁴¹⁷

Mountains of the Moon University Fort Portal Uganda |

⁴¹⁸

National Agricultural Research Organisation Mbarara Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute Mbarara Uganda |

⁴¹⁹

Laboratory of Meteorology Department of Construction and Geoengineering Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering Poznan University of Life Sciences Poznan Poland |

⁴²⁰

Laboratory of Meteorology Department of Construction and Geoengineering Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering Poznan University of Life Sciences Poznan Poland |

⁴²¹

Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden |

⁴²²

Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden |

⁴²³

Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University Greifswald Greifswald Germany |

⁴²⁴

Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University Greifswald Greifswald Germany |

⁴²⁵

V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS Krasnoyarsk Russia |

⁴²⁶

V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS Krasnoyarsk Russia |

⁴²⁷

Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia |

⁴²⁸

Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia |

⁴²⁹

Department of Biology and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA |

⁴³⁰

Department of Life Sciences Imperial College Ascot, Berkshire UK |

⁴³¹

Department of Biology and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA |

⁴³²

Department of Life Sciences Imperial College Ascot, Berkshire UK |

⁴³³

Landscape Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland |

⁴³⁴

Unit of Land Change Science Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland |

⁴³⁵

Landscape Ecology Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland |

⁴³⁶

Unit of Land Change Science Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland |

⁴³⁷

School of Ecology and Environment Studies Nalanda University Rajgir India |

⁴³⁸

School of Ecology and Environment Studies Nalanda University Rajgir India |

⁴³⁹

School of Biosciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK |

⁴⁴⁰

School of Biosciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK |

⁴⁴¹

CESAM & Department of Environment University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal |

⁴⁴²

CESAM & Department of Environment University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal |

⁴⁴³

Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources Animals and Environment ‐ University of Padua Legnaro Italy |

⁴⁴⁴

Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources Animals and Environment ‐ University of Padua Legnaro Italy |

⁴⁴⁵

Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS Univ. Grenoble Alpes EDYTEM Chambéry France |

⁴⁴⁶

Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS Univ. Grenoble Alpes EDYTEM Chambéry France |

⁴⁴⁷

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona SPAIN |

⁴⁴⁸

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Spain |

⁴⁴⁹

Department of Ecology and Biogeography Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Poland |

⁴⁵⁰

Centre for Climate Change Research Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Poland |

⁴⁵¹

Department of Ecology and Biogeography Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Poland |

⁴⁵²

Centre for Climate Change Research Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Poland |

⁴⁵³

A. Borza Botanic Garden Babeș‐Bolyai University Cluj‐Napoca Romania |

⁴⁵⁴

Faculty of Biology and Geology Department of Taxonomy and Ecology Babeș‐Bolyai University Cluj‐Napoca Romania |

⁴⁵⁵

E. G. Racoviță Institute Babeș‐Bolyai University Cluj‐Napoca Romania |

⁴⁵⁶

A. Borza Botanic Garden Babeș‐Bolyai University Cluj‐Napoca Romania |

⁴⁵⁷

Faculty of Biology and Geology Department of Taxonomy and Ecology Babeș‐Bolyai University Cluj‐Napoca Romania |

⁴⁵⁸

E. G. Racoviță Institute Babeș‐Bolyai University Cluj‐Napoca Romania |

⁴⁵⁹

Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia |

⁴⁶⁰

Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia |

⁴⁶¹

University of Applied Sciences Trier Environmental Campus Birkenfeld Birkenfeld Germany |

⁴⁶²

University of Applied Sciences Trier Environmental Campus Birkenfeld Birkenfeld Germany |

⁴⁶³

Institut universitaire de France Paris France |

⁴⁶⁴

Institut Universitaire de France Paris France |

⁴⁶⁵

Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Environmental and Biological Sciences Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands |

⁴⁶⁶

Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Environmental and Biological Sciences Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands |

⁴⁶⁷

Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Change Initiative University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana USA |

⁴⁶⁸

Department of Biological Sciences and the Environmental Change Initiative University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana USA |

⁴⁶⁹

Swiss National Park Chastè Planta‐Wildenberg Zernez Switzerland |

⁴⁷⁰

Remote Sensing Laboratories Department of Geography University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland |

⁴⁷¹

Swiss National Park Chastè Planta‐Wildenberg Zernez Switzerland |

⁴⁷²

Remote Sensing Laboratories Department of Geography University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland |

⁴⁷³

CIRAD UMR Eco&Sols Dakar Senegal |

⁴⁷⁴

Eco&Sols Univ Montpellier CIRAD INRAE, IRD Institut Agro Montpellier France

⁴⁷⁵

LMI IESOL Centre IRD‐ISRA de Bel Air Dakar Senegal |

⁴⁷⁶

CIRAD UMR Eco&Sols Dakar Senegal |

⁴⁷⁷

Eco&Sols Univ Montpellier CIRAD INRAE, IRD Institut Agro Montpellier France

⁴⁷⁸

LMI IESOL Centre IRD‐ISRA de Bel Air Dakar Senegal |

⁴⁷⁹

Parc national des Ecrins ‐ Domaine de Charance France |

⁴⁸⁰

Parc national des Ecrins ‐ Domaine de Charance France |

⁴⁸¹

Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Cusco Perú |

⁴⁸²

Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Wilhelm L. Johannsen Cusco Perú |

⁴⁸³

Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Cusco Perú |

⁴⁸⁴

Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Wilhelm L. Johannsen Cusco Perú |

⁴⁸⁵

Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, PDBFF Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil |

⁴⁸⁶

Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, PDBFF Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil |

⁴⁸⁷

Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå Sweden |

⁴⁸⁸

Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå Sweden |

⁴⁸⁹

Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences (IBG‐3): Agrosphere Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich Germany |

⁴⁹⁰

Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences (IBG‐3): Agrosphere Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich Germany |

⁴⁹¹

Chair of Soil Science and Geomorphology Department of Geosciences University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany |

⁴⁹²

Chair of Soil Science and Geomorphology Department of Geosciences University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany |

⁴⁹³

Department of Geography The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada |

⁴⁹⁴

Department of Geography The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada |

⁴⁹⁵

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Vienna Austria |

⁴⁹⁶

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Vienna Austria |

⁴⁹⁷

Princeton School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA |

⁴⁹⁸

Princeton School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA |

⁴⁹⁹

Université de Lorraine AgroParisTech INRAE Nancy France |

⁵⁰⁰

Université de Lorraine AgroParisTech INRAE Nancy France |

⁵⁰¹

Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Poland |

⁵⁰²

Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Poland |

⁵⁰³

Terra Nova National Park Parks Canada Agency Glovertown Newfoundland Canada |

⁵⁰⁴

Terra Nova National Park Parks Canada Agency Glovertown Newfoundland Canada |

⁵⁰⁵

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil |

⁵⁰⁶

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil |

⁵⁰⁷

National Forest Centre Forest Research Institute Zvolen Zvolen Slovakia |

⁵⁰⁸

National Forest Centre Forest Research Institute Zvolen Zvolen Slovakia |

⁵⁰⁹

Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden |

⁵¹⁰

Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden |

⁵¹¹

Department of Geography University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada |

⁵¹²

Department of Geography University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada |

⁵¹³

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Leuven Belgium |

⁵¹⁴

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Leuven Belgium |

⁵¹⁵

Soil Science Department Federal University of Viçosa Viçosa‐MG Brazil |

⁵¹⁶

Soil Science Department Federal University of Viçosa Viçosa‐MG Brazil |

⁵¹⁷

Departamento de Geociências. Cidade Universitária Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa ‐ PB Brasil |

⁵¹⁸

Departamento de Geociências. Cidade Universitária Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa ‐ PB Brasil |

⁵¹⁹

Department of Physical Geography Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany |

⁵²⁰

Department of Physical Geography Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany |

⁵²¹

Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside Riverside California USA |

⁵²²

Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside Riverside California USA |

⁵²³

Department of Natural History NTNU University Museum Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway |

⁵²⁴

Department of Natural History NTNU University Museum Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway |

⁵²⁵

UMR 7058 CNRS ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN) Univ. de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France |

⁵²⁶

UMR 7058 CNRS ‘Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés’ (EDYSAN) Univ. de Picardie Jules Verne Amiens France |

⁵²⁷

EnvixLab Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio Università degli Studi del Molise Termoli Italy |

⁵²⁸

EnvixLab Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio Università degli Studi del Molise Termoli Italy |

⁵²⁹

Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK) Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research (IFU) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Garmisch‐Partenkirchen Germany |

⁵³⁰

Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK) Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research (IFU) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Garmisch‐Partenkirchen Germany |

⁵³¹

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU Swedish Species Information Centre Uppsala Sweden |

⁵³²

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU Swedish Species Information Centre Uppsala Sweden |

⁵³³

Faculty for Biology University Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany |

⁵³⁴

Faculty for Biology University Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany |

⁵³⁵

Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark |

⁵³⁶

Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark |

⁵³⁷

Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany |

⁵³⁸

Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany |

⁵³⁹

Foundation J.‐M. Aubert Champex‐Lac Switzerland |

⁵⁴⁰

Département de Botanique et Biologie végétale Université de Genève Chambésy Switzerland |

⁵⁴¹

Foundation J.‐M. Aubert Champex‐Lac Switzerland |

⁵⁴²

Département de Botanique et Biologie végétale Université de Genève Chambésy Switzerland |

⁵⁴³

Department of Geography and Earth Sciences Aberystwyth University Wales UK |

⁵⁴⁴

Department of Geography and Earth Sciences Aberystwyth University Wales UK |

⁵⁴⁵

Center for Systematic Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources ‐ 3B Babeș‐Bolyai University Cluj‐Napoca Romania |

⁵⁴⁶

Center for Systematic Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources ‐ 3B Babeș‐Bolyai University Cluj‐Napoca Romania |

⁵⁴⁷

Northern Environmental Geoscience Laboratory Department of Geography and Planning Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada |

⁵⁴⁸

Northern Environmental Geoscience Laboratory Department of Geography and Planning Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada |

⁵⁴⁹

Finnish Meteorological Inst Helsinki Finland |

⁵⁵⁰

Finnish Meteorological Inst Helsinki Finland |

⁵⁵¹

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University Japan |

⁵⁵²

Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University Japan |

⁵⁵³

Nature Research Centre Vilnius Lithuania |

⁵⁵⁴

Nature Research Centre Vilnius Lithuania |

⁵⁵⁵

Institute of Biological Research Cluj‐Napoca National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences Bucharest Romania |

⁵⁵⁶

Institute of Biological Research Cluj‐Napoca National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences Bucharest Romania |

⁵⁵⁷

CNR Institute for BioEconomy Firenze Italy |

⁵⁵⁸

CNR Institute for BioEconomy Firenze Italy |

⁵⁵⁹

The Ecosystem Management Research Group (ECOBE) University of Antwerp Wilrijk (Antwerpen) Belgium |

⁵⁶⁰

The Ecosystem Management Research Group (ECOBE) University of Antwerp Wilrijk (Antwerpen) Belgium |

⁵⁶¹

Plant Conservation and Population Biology Department of Biology KU Leuven Heverlee Belgium |

⁵⁶²

Plant Conservation and Population Biology Department of Biology KU Leuven Heverlee Belgium |

⁵⁶³

A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia |

⁵⁶⁴

A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia |

⁵⁶⁵

Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen the Netherlands |

⁵⁶⁶

Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen the Netherlands |

⁵⁶⁷

Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands |

⁵⁶⁸

Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands |

⁵⁶⁹

Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia |

⁵⁷⁰

Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia |

⁵⁷¹

CAVElab ‐ Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Department of Environment Ghent University Gent Belgium |

⁵⁷²

CAVElab ‐ Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Department of Environment Ghent University Gent Belgium |

⁵⁷³

Earth Surface Processes Team Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) Department of Environment and Planning University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal |

⁵⁷⁴

Earth Surface Processes Team Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) Department of Environment and Planning University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal |

⁵⁷⁵

Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología IPE‐CSIC. Av. Llano de la Victoria Jaca (Huesca) Spain |

⁵⁷⁶

Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología IPE‐CSIC. Av. Llano de la Victoria Jaca (Huesca) Spain |

⁵⁷⁷

CNR ‐ Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean Portici Italy |

⁵⁷⁸

CNR ‐ Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean Portici Italy |

⁵⁷⁹

Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics Faculty of Geosciences and Environment University of Lausanne Géopolis Switzerland |

⁵⁸⁰

Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics Faculty of Geosciences and Environment University of Lausanne Géopolis Switzerland |

⁵⁸¹

Forest Research Northern Research Station Roslin UK |

⁵⁸²

Forest Research Northern Research Station Roslin UK |

⁵⁸³

Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu P.R. China |

⁵⁸⁴

Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu P.R. China |

⁵⁸⁵

MOE Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains School of Geographical Sciences Northeast Normal University Changchun China |

⁵⁸⁶

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania USA |

⁵⁸⁷

MOE Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains School of Geographical Sciences Northeast Normal University Changchun China |

⁵⁸⁸

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania USA |

⁵⁸⁹

High Meadows Environmental Institute Princeton University New Jersey USA |

⁵⁹⁰

High Meadows Environmental Institute Princeton University New Jersey USA |

⁵⁹¹

Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China |

⁵⁹²

Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences East China Normal University Shanghai China |

⁵⁹³

Ecological‐Botanical Gardens University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany |

⁵⁹⁴

Ecological‐Botanical Gardens University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany |

⁵⁹⁵

Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains Ministry of Education School of Geographical Sciences Northeast Normal University Changchun China |

⁵⁹⁶

Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains Ministry of Education School of Geographical Sciences Northeast Normal University Changchun China |

Publication type: Journal Article

Publication date: 2022-02-11

Wiley

Journal: Global Change Biology

scimago Q1

wos Q1

SJR: 4.285

CiteScore: 21.5

Impact factor: 10.8

ISSN: 13541013, 13652486

DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16060

Copy DOI

PubMed ID: 34967074

Environmental Chemistry

General Environmental Science

Ecology

Global and Planetary Change

Abstract

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1‐km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km² pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse‐grained air temperature estimates from ERA5‐Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome‐specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near‐surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil‐related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.

Found

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