Using nanosized, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalytic systems in organic synthesis: Changing the structure of active center in chemical reactions in solution

This review considers the interrelation between homogeneous, heterogeneous, and nanosized catalytic systems for carrying out reactions in liquid phase (organic solvents, water, ionic liquids, and melts). Most attention is drawn to describing the process of atoms leaching from the surface of nanoparticles and its influence on the activity and selectivity of the catalysts. Well-known reactions of cross-coupling, the data for which have been obtained using all types of catalytic samples, are taken as an example. The area where cross-coupling reactions in fine organic synthesis can be applied includes pharmaceutical chemistry and medical applications of organic chemistry, the production of Pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds, the chemistry of dyes and organic functional materials, and a number of industrially important processes. The implementation of highly effective nanosized catalysts in this area is expected to provide conceptual changes which can solve many important problems.