Open Access
Open access
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
PLoS ONE
,  том 20 ,  издание 1 ,  страницы e0313107

Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups

Viren Swami 1
, 
Stefan Stieger 2
, 
Martin Voracek 3
, 
Toivo Aavik 4
, 
Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar 5
, 
Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo 6
, 
Reza Afhami 7
, 
Oli Ahmed 8
, 
Annie Aimé 9
, 
Marwan Akel 10
, 
Hussam Al Halbusi 11
, 
George Alexias 12
, 
Khawla F Ali 13
, 
Nursel Alp-Dal 14
, 
Anas B Alsalhani 15
, 
Sara Álvarez-Solas 16
, 
Ana Carolina Soares Amaral 17
, 
Sonny Andrianto 18
, 
Trefor Aspden 19
, 
Marios Argyrides 20
, 
John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta 21
, 
Stephen Atkin 13
, 
Olusola Ayandele 22
, 
Migle Baceviciene 23
, 
Radvan Bahbouh 24
, 
Andrea Ballesio 25
, 
David Barron 26
, 
Ashleigh Bellard 27
, 
Sóley Sesselja Bender 28
, 
Kerim Selvi 29
, 
Gorana Birovljević 30
, 
Marie-Ève Blackburn 31
, 
Teresita Borja-Alvarez 32
, 
Joanna Borowiec 33
, 
Miroslava Bozogáňová 34
, 
Solfrid Bratland-Sanda 35
, 
Matthew K. Browning 36
, 
Anna Brytek-Matera 37
, 
Marina Burakova 38
, 
Yeliz Çakır-Koçak 39
, 
Pablo Camacho Lazarraga 40
, 
Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri 41
, 
Valentina Cazzato 42
, 
Silvia Cerea 43
, 
Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich 44
, 
Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon 45
, 
Tim Chambers 46
, 
Qing-Wei Chen 47
, 
Xin Chen 48
, 
Chin-Lung Chien 49
, 
Phatthanakit Chobthamkit 45
, 
Bovornpot Choompunuch 50
, 
Emilio J Compte 51
, 
Jennifer Corrigan 52
, 
Getrude Cosmas 53
, 
Richard G. Cowden 54
, 
K. Czepczor-Bernat 55
, 
Marcin Czub 37
, 
Wanderson Roberto Da Silva 56
, 
Mahboubeh Dadfar 57
, 
Simon E Dalley 58
, 
Lionel Dany 38
, 
Jesus Alfonso D. Datu 59
, 
Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho 60
, 
Gabriel Lins De Holanda Coelho 52
, 
Avila Odia S. De Jesus 21
, 
Sonia Harzallah Debbabi 61
, 
Sandesh Dhakal 62
, 
Francesca di Bernardo 63
, 
Donka D Dimitrova 64
, 
Jacinthe Dion 65
, 
Barnaby Dixson 66
, 
Stacey M. Donofrio 58
, 
Marius Drysch 67
, 
Hongfei Du 68
, 
Angel M. Dzhambov 69
, 
Claire El-Jor 70
, 
Violeta Enea 71
, 
Mehmet Eskin 72
, 
Farinaz Farbod 73
, 
Lorleen Farrugia 41
, 
Leonie Fian 3
, 
Maryanne L. Fisher 74
, 
Michał Folwarczny 75
, 
David A. Frederick 76
, 
Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz 46
, 
ADRIAN FURNHAM 77
, 
Antonio Alías García 78
, 
Shulamit Geller 79
, 
Marta Ghisi 43
, 
Alireza Ghorbani 80
, 
Maria Angeles Gomez Martinez 81
, 
Sarah Gradidge 82
, 
Sylvie Graf 83
, 
Caterina Grano 25
, 
Gyöngyvér Gyene 84
, 
Souheil Hallit 85
, 
Motasem Hamdan 86
, 
Jonathan E. Handelzalts 87
, 
Paul H. P. Hanel 88
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Steven R. Hawks 89
, 
Issa Hekmati 90
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Mai Helmy 91
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Tetiana Hill 92
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Farah Hina 93
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Geraldine Holenweger 94
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Martina Hřebíčková 83
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Olasupo Augustine Ijabadeniyi 95
, 
Asma Imam 86
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Başak İnce 96
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Natalia Irrazabal 97
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Rasa Jankauskiene 23
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Ding–Yu Jiang 98
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Micaela Jiménez-Borja 32
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Verónica Jiménez-Borja 99
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Evan M Johnson 76
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Veljko Jovanović 100
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Marija Jović 101
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Marko Jović 102
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Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira 103
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Lisa-Marie Kahle 104
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Adam Kantanista 33
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Ahmet Karakiraz 105
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Erich Kasten 106
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Nuannut Khieowan 108
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Mirjam Koprivnik 111
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Aituar Kospakov 112
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Magdalena Król-Zielińska 33
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Isabel Krug 109
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Garry Kuan 113
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Yee Cheng Kueh 114
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Omar Kujan 115
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Miljana Kukić 30
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Sanjay Kumar 116
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Kumar Vipul 117
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Nishtha Lamba 118
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Mary Anne Lauri 41
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Maria Fernanda Laus 103
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Liza April LeBlanc 74
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Hyejoo J Lee 119
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Malgorzata Lipowska 120
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Mariusz Lipowski 121
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Caterina Lombardo 25
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Andrea Lukács 122
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Christophe Maïano 123
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Farzana Ashraf 124
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Mandar Manjary 125
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Lidia Márquez Baldó 126
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Martha Martinez-Banfi 127
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Karlijn Massar 128
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Camilla Matera 129
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Olivia Mcanirlin 36
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Moisés Roberto Mebarak 130
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Anwar Mechri 131
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Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles 132
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Norbert Meskó 133
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Jacqueline Mills 46
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Maya Miyairi 134
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Ritu Modi 110
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Adriana Modrzejewska 135
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Justyna Modrzejewska 136
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Kate E Mulgrew 66
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Taryn A. Myers 137
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Hikari Namatame 138
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Mohammad Zakaria Nassani 139
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Amanda Nerini 129
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Félix Neto 140
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Joana Neto 141
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Angela Nogueira Neves 142
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Siu-Kuen Ng 143
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Devi Nithiya 144
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Jiaqing O 19
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Sahar Obeid 145
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Camila Oda-Montecinos 146
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Peter Olamakinde Olapegba 147
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Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin 6
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Salma Samir Omar 148
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BRYNJA ÖRLYGSDÓTTIR 28
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Emrah Özsoy 105
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Tobias Otterbring 149
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Sabine Pahl 3
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Maria Serena Panasiti 150
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Yonguk Park 151
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Muhammad Mainuddin Patwary 152
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Tatiana Pethö 153
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Nadezhda Petrova 154
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Jakob Pietschnig 155
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Sadaf Pourmahmoud 7
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Vishnunarayan Girishan Prabhu 156
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Vita Poštuvan 157
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Pavol Prokop 158
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Virginia L. Ramseyer Winter 159
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Magdalena Razmus 160
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Taotao Ru 47
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Mirjana Rupar 83
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Reza N Sahlan 161
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Mohammed Salah Hassan 162
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Anđela Šalov 163
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Saphal Sapkota 164
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Jacob Owusu Sarfo 165
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Yoko Sawamiya 138
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Katrin Schaefer 166
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Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck 167
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Veya Seekis 168
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Mehdi Sharifi 169
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Anita Shrivastava 118
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Rumana Ferdousi Siddique 170
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Valdimar Sigurdsson 171
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Ana Šimunić 163
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Alena Slezáčková 173
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Gill Ten Hoor 128
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Passagorn Tevichapong 175
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Arun Tipandjan 176
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Jennifer Todd 1
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Constantinos Togas 12
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Fernando Tonini 97
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Juan Camilo Tovar-Castro 177
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Lise Katrine Jepsen Trangsrud 35
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Pankaj Tripathi 110
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Otilia Tudorel 178
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Tracy L Tylka 179
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Aitor Vicente-Arruebarrena 81
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Roosevelt Vilar 184
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Christoph Wallner 67
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Simon Whitebridge 13
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Sonja Windhager 166
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Kah Yan Wong 185
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Eric Kenson Yau 186
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Yuko Yamamiya 187
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Victoria Wai Lan Yeung 188
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Marcelo Zanetti 189
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Magdalena Zawisza 82
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Nadine Zeeni 70
, 
Martina Zvaríková 190
, 
Ulrich S. Tran 3
1
 
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Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria | 
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INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon, | 
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Department of Management, Ahmed Bin Mohammad Military College, Doha, Qatar | 
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Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain | 
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Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Vision College of Dentistry and Nursing, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 
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Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Muyuna, Ecuador | 
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Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Southeast of Minas Gerais, Barbacena, Brazil | 
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Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos, Cyprus | 
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Department of General Studies, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria, | 
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ÉCOBES-Research and Transfer, Cégep de Jonquière, Québec, Canada | 
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Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland | 
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Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Košice, Slovakia, | 
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CentroSan Isidoro University Center, Seville, Spain | 
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Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway | 
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School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel | 
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Practice for Psychotherapy, Am Krautacker 25, Travemünde, Germany | 
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Institute of Anton Martin Slomsek, Primary School Montessori, Maribor, Slovenia | 
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Department of Psychology, Kashi Naresh Government Post-Graduate College, Gyanpur, India | 
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Faculty of Social and Humanities, University WSB Merito, Gdansk, Poland | 
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Department of Psychology, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar, India, | 
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Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, Eya Medical Centre, Monastir, Tunisia | 
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Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 
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Division of Research, Physical Education College of the Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 
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Physical Education Unit, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China | 
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Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India | 
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Department of General Studies, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Nigeria | 
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Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative, Khulna, Bangladesh, | 
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Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Košice, Slovakia | 
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International Centre for Psychological Counselling and Social Research, Puducherry, India | 
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Тип публикации: Journal Article
Дата публикации: 2025-01-22
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
scimago Q1
wos Q2
БС1
SJR: 0.803
CiteScore: 5.4
Impact factor: 2.6
ISSN: 19326203
Краткое описание

The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used self-report measure of subjective well-being, but studies of its measurement invariance across a large number of nations remain limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset–with data collected between 2020 and 2022 –to assess measurement invariance of the SWLS across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). All participants completed the SWLS under largely uniform conditions. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that configural and metric invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional SWLS model has universal applicability. Full scalar invariance was achieved across gender identities and age groups. Based on alignment optimisation methods, partial scalar invariance was achieved across all but three national groups and across all languages represented in the BINS. There were large differences in latent SWLS means across nations and languages, but negligible-to-small differences across gender identities and age groups. Across nations, greater life satisfaction was significantly associated with greater financial security and being in a committed relationship or married. The results of this study suggest that the SWLS largely assesses a common unidimensional construct of life satisfaction irrespective of respondent characteristics (i.e., national group, gender identities, and age group) or survey presentation (i.e., survey language). This has important implications for the assessment of life satisfaction across nations and provides information that will be useful for practitioners aiming to promote subjective well-being internationally.

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Swami V. et al. Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups // PLoS ONE. 2025. Vol. 20. No. 1. p. e0313107.
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Swami V. et al. Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups // PLoS ONE. 2025. Vol. 20. No. 1. p. e0313107.
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@article{2025_Swami,
author = {Viren Swami and Stefan Stieger and Martin Voracek and Toivo Aavik and Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar and Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo and Reza Afhami and Oli Ahmed and Annie Aimé and Marwan Akel and Hussam Al Halbusi and George Alexias and Khawla F Ali and Nursel Alp-Dal and Anas B Alsalhani and Sara Álvarez-Solas and Ana Carolina Soares Amaral and Sonny Andrianto and Trefor Aspden and Marios Argyrides and John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta and Stephen Atkin and Olusola Ayandele and Migle Baceviciene and Radvan Bahbouh and Andrea Ballesio and David Barron and Ashleigh Bellard and Sóley Sesselja Bender and Kerim Selvi and Gorana Birovljević and Marie-Ève Blackburn and Teresita Borja-Alvarez and Joanna Borowiec and Miroslava Bozogáňová and Solfrid Bratland-Sanda and Matthew K. Browning and Anna Brytek-Matera and Marina Burakova and Yeliz Çakır-Koçak and Pablo Camacho Lazarraga and Vittorio Emanuele Camilleri and Valentina Cazzato and Silvia Cerea and Apitchaya Chaiwutikornwanich and Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon and Tim Chambers and Qing-Wei Chen and Xin Chen and Chin-Lung Chien and others},
title = {Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
year = {2025},
volume = {20},
publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},
month = {jan},
url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313107},
number = {1},
pages = {e0313107},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0313107}
}
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Swami, Viren, et al. “Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups.” PLoS ONE, vol. 20, no. 1, Jan. 2025, p. e0313107. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313107.