Protection efficiency of red radish seeds and roots against paracetamol mediated hepatotoxicity in rats

IK U.

Moshaei Nezhad P., Iman M., Maleki F.F., Khamesipour A.

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Descurainia sophia seed extract on paracetamol-induced oxidative stress and acute liver injury in mice. Methods: Sixty male Swiss albino mice were divided into 6 groups, group I: as control group received NaCl 9%. Group II: as paracetamol group received paracetamol intraperitoneally (i.p.) (500 mg/kg). Groups III to VI as treatment groups received different doses of D. sophia seed extract (T1 = 50, T2 = 100, T3 = 200 and T4 = 300 mg/kg, respectively). Twenty-four hours after the paracetamol administration, the mice were sacrificed under mild anesthesia and their blood samples were collected to estimate serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Their livers were also removed for histopathological examinations. Results: Pretreatment of mice with D. sophia seed extract, significantly prevented the paracetamol induced elevation in the levels of serum ALT, AST and ALP, total bilirubin and MDA (P < 0.05). The results of histopathologic studies were consistent with the above findings. Conclusion: Descurainia sophia seed extract has a protective effect against paracetamol induced oxidative damage and acute hepatotoxicity in mice.

Talluri M.R., Gummadi V.P., Battu G.R.

Papackova Z., Heczkova M., Dankova H., Sticova E., Lodererova A., Bartonova L., Poruba M., Cahova M.

Acetaminophen or paracetamol (APAP) overdose is a common cause of liver injury. Silymarin (SLM) is a hepatoprotective agent widely used for treating liver injury of different origin. In order to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of SLM, Balb/c mice were pretreated with SLM (100 mg/kg b.wt. per os) once daily for three days. Two hours after the last SLM dose, the mice were administered APAP (300 mg/kg b.wt. i.p.) and killed 6 (T6), 12 (T12) and 24 (T24) hours later. SLM-treated mice exhibited a significant reduction in APAP-induced liver injury, assessed according to AST and ALT release and histological examination. SLM treatment significantly reduced superoxide production, as indicated by lower GSSG content, lower HO-1 induction, alleviated nitrosative stress, decreased p-JNK activation and direct measurement of mitochondrial superoxide production in vitro. SLM did not affect the APAP-induced decrease in CYP2E1 activity and expression during the first 12 hrs. Neutrophil infiltration and enhanced expression of inflammatory markers were first detected at T12 in both groups. Inflammation progressed in the APAP group at T24 but became attenuated in SLM-treated animals. Histological examination suggests that necrosis the dominant cell death pathway in APAP intoxication, which is partially preventable by SLM pretreatment. We demonstrate that SLM significantly protects against APAP-induced liver damage through the scavenger activity of SLM and the reduction of superoxide and peroxynitrite content. Neutrophil-induced damage is probably secondary to necrosis development.

Banihani S.

Abdel Azim S.A., Abdelrahem M.T., Said M.M., Khattab A.

Osama M A., Eman S A.R., Mohammed B.A., Hanaa I F., Hassnaa H.M.

Azab A., Nassar A., Azab A.

Ahn M., Kim J., Bang H., Moon J., Kim G.O., Shin T.

We evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were orally administered AITC at doses of 5 (AITC 5) and 50 (AITC 50) mg/kg body weight once daily for 3 days, with or without intraperitoneal injection of CCl4. Serum chemistry was assessed for changes in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were examined in liver tissues, while pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) mRNA expression were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. And heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and ionized calcium binding protein-1 (Iba-1) immunoreactivities were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, respectively. In serum chemistry, the oral administration of AITC itself did not affect the serum levels of ALT or AST, furthermore pretreatment with AITC 5 and AITC 50 significantly reduced the ALT and AST activity levels that were elevated in CCl4-intoxicated rats. In addition, AITC significantly suppressed the reduction of SOD and CAT, and the elevation of MDA, TNF-α mRNA expression, on the other hands, induced the expression of HO-1 compared with those of the vehicle-treated CCl4 group. The histopathological evaluation and Iba-1 immunoreactivity also supported the hepatoprotective effects of AITC against CCl4-induced liver injury. These results suggest that AITC ameliorates oxidative liver injury, possibly through reducing lipid peroxidation, enhancing antioxidant enzymes, and suppressing Kupffer cells and macrophages.

Cristani M., Speciale A., Mancari F., Arcoraci T., Ferrari D., Fratantonio D., Saija A., Cimino F., Trombetta D.

Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) overdosage can produce fatal centrilobular hepatic necrosis in humans. The present study attempted to investigate the protective effect of an anthocyanin-rich extract from bilberries and blackcurrants (AE) against APAP-induced acute hepatic damage in rats. Treatment with AE normalised blood activities of glutamate oxaloacetate and glutamate pyruvate transaminase and prevented APAP-induced plasmatic and tissutal alterations in biomarkers of oxidative stress, probably due to various bioproperties of the components of the extract.

Syed S., Rizvi W., Kumar A., Khan A., Moin S., Ahsan A.

Elslimani F.A., El tumi S.G., Muftah S.M., Elmhdwi M.F.

This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Ecballium elaterium "Fruit juice" extract against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. The hepatotoxicity was induced by acetaminophen (PCM) at dose of 400 mg/kg in male albino rats. It was administered orally once a day, every 48 h at the same time for twenty two days. The biochemical liver functional tests ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, total protein, antioxidant enzymes (GR, GPx, CAT, SOD), and histopathological changes were examined. Our results showed that Levels of liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALP, G-GT and total bilirubin and MDA level were significantly enhanced by administration of acetaminophen and level of total protein while antioxidant enzymes "GR, GPx, CAT, SOD" were decreased. However, the pretreatment with The E. elaterium "fruit juice" at 1 ml/kg orally revealed attenuation of serum ALT, AST, ALP. The histopathological studies also supported the protective properties of E. elaterium "fruit juice". The area of necrosis and degeneration of hepatocytes were observed in the toxic group. The prophylactic and curative groups showed a marked protective effect with decreased necrotic zones and hepatocellular degeneration. The present results clearly demonstrate the marked antihepatotoxic effects of E. elaterium "fruit juice" extract through its antioxidant activity on acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in rats.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i5.18535 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, April 2014, 3(5): 270-274

Lin L., Sun J., Chen P., Harnly J.A.

An LC-PDA-ESI/MS(n) profiling method was used to identify the anthocyanins of purple Bordeaux radish and led to the assignment of 60 anthocyanins: 14 acylated cyanidin 3-(glucosylacyl)acylsophoroside-5-diglucosides, 24 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-diglucosides, and 22 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides. The identifications were supported by the presence of 3-sophoroside-5-diglucoside and 3-sophroside-5-glucoside of cyanidin in the alkaline-hydrolyzed extract. A reliable method to identify the anthocyanins containing 3-(glucosylacyl)acylsophorosyl functions is described. The tentative identifications were obtained from tandem mass data analysis and confirmed by high-resolution mass measurements. Further assignments were made for some anthocyanins from a comparison of the mass and UV-vis data and elution order with those of the anthocyanins in the authors' polyphenol database and from consideration of the structural characteristics of the anthocyanins from similar plants and similar anthocyanins in the literature. The presence of 38 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-diglucosides and around 10 acylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-malonylglucosides in plants is reported here for the first time.

Adeneye A., Olagunju J.

Jaeschke A., Abbas B., Zabel M., Hopmans E.C., Schouten S., Sinninghe Damstéa J.S.

The presence and abundance of anaerobic ammonium–oxidizing (anammox) bacteria was investigated in continental shelf and slope sediments (300–3000 m water depth) off northwest Africa in a combined approach applying quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) analysis of anammox-specific 16S rRNA genes and anammox-specific ladderane biomarker lipids. We used the presence of an intact ladderane monoether lipid with a phosphocholine (PC) headgroup as a direct indicator for living anammox bacteria and compared it with the abundance of ladderane core lipids derived from both living and dead bacterial biomass. All investigated sediments contained ladderane lipids, both intact and core lipids, in agreement with the presence of anammoxspecific 16S rRNA gene copies, indicating that anammox occurs at all sites. Concentrations of ladderane core lipids in core top sediments varied between 0.3 and 97 ng g21 sediment, with the highest concentrations detected at the sites located on the shelf at shallower water depths between 300 and 500 m. In contrast, the C20 [3]ladderane monoether-PC lipid was most abundant in a core top sediment from 1500 m water depth. Both anammox-specific 16S rRNA gene copy numbers and the concentration of the C20 [3]-ladderane monoether-PC lipid increased downcore in sediments located at greater water depths, showing highest concentrations of 1.2 3 108 copies g21 sediment and 30 pg g21 sediment, respectively, at the deepest station of 3000 m water depth. This suggests that the relative abundance of anammox bacteria is higher in sediments at intermediate to deep water depths where carbon mineralization rates are lower but where anammox is probably more important than denitrification.