Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry

El-Kady R.

The idea of artificial intelligence first surfaced at the turn of the 20th century, with the goal of enabling machines to carry out tasks that resemble those performed by humans. Since then, a number of theories have been proposed regarding the extent to which mistakes made by artificial intelligence entities and systems may be held accountable, particularly in the area of criminal law. This chapter seeks to clarify this matter by discussing the legal obstacles that surround the question of criminal responsibility for artificial intelligence's actions. It also offers concepts, justifications, and factors that tackle this problem by using a comparative analytical and descriptive methodology. The chapter concluded with a proposal for international cooperation to develop a legal and ethical framework for the worldwide use of artificial intelligence. Given the anticipated widespread use of this technology in the future, governments could use this framework as a reference.

More M., Shah S., Shelke A., Behare N.

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to reshape the legal landscape, it is essential to address the accompanying ethical and regulatory considerations. This chapter investigates these critical dimensions, focusing on the ethical concerns of bias, transparency, accountability, and privacy within AI adoption in legal systems. It provides an in-depth analysis of the current regulatory landscape, including existing laws, guidelines, and international standards, and examines the challenges and opportunities in crafting effective regulatory frameworks. The chapter emphasizes the necessity of balancing innovation with ethical and social responsibility to ensure public trust and confidence in AI applications. It concludes with best practices and recommendations for legal professionals, policymakers, and industry stakeholders, aiming to foster responsible AI adoption in legal systems. Through this exploration, the chapter contributes to the ongoing discourse on the integration of AI in law, offering insights and guidelines to navigate the complex ethical and regulatory terrain.

Kaur J., Shruti, Dar A.A.

Human trafficking, a heinous crime exploiting individuals for forced labor, sexual servitude, or organ harvesting, plagues millions globally. Eradicating this global scourge demands a multifaceted approach. Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as a powerful weapon in this fight. This paper explores how AI can be leveraged to identify victims, disrupt trafficking networks, and aid in investigations. We delve into applications of AI in data analysis, victim identification, financial tracking, communication support, and explore its potential for proactive intervention. The paper acknowledges the ethical considerations surrounding AI use and emphasizes the need for human oversight and collaboration.

Srinivasan S., Rajavel N., Sanchez N.K.

This study investigates the impact of digitalization and Artificial Intelligence (AI) on prison administration, criminal records, and offenders' re-entry, particularly on elderly convicts. International research in countries like Australia, Japan, Sweden, Canada, France, and the UK highlights the increasing challenges posed by ageing prison populations. The study, conducted in central prisons in Tamil Nadu, India, employed a descriptive research design and purposive sampling method, involving 259 participants across five central jails. Utilizing qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, including SPSS software, the study identifies post-release challenges faced by elderly inmates in society and the workplace, emphasizing issues of diversity, equity, inclusion, and social justice. It concludes with insights into the coping strategies adopted by older offenders to navigate these challenges, underscoring the need for societal understanding and support for their successful reintegration.

Ghose A., Ali S.M., Deshmukh S.B.

In recent years, owing to significant advancements in deep learning technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has started to replace human content creators and produce quality creative works on a wide scale. By the end of the decade, it is probable that a substantial quantity of art, literature, music, software, and online material will be generated by AI instead of conventional human creators. However, the law is not keeping pace with this technical advancement since it now prohibits granting copyright protection to works created by artificial intelligence. The aim of this chapter is to examine the intricacies of this expanding artistic field, specifically examining the modern techniques used by those who utilize AI to augment and amplify their creative pursuits.

Singh B., Kaunert C.

The proliferation of online hate speech has emerged as one of the most pressing global concerns today, corroding digital communication and undermining security within various communities. This paper broadens the context to understand computers from legal perspective, and more specifically Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), can be amalgamated using a new host of detecting tools against online hate speech. This chapter is significant because of its potential to inform policies and regulations aimed at reducing the toxicity while preserving freedom using a well-rounded multidisciplinary approach. The goal is to pinpoint specific problems and suggest ways in which these issues might be addressed (if at all), while also exploring questions about the best most just or perhaps least unjust ethical frameworks for new methods of addiction detection and regulation on online platforms.

Abdullahu D., Ahmetaj E.

Context/Background -Today, the global world is moving in a challenging and leading direction with AI technology. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to address some of the biggest challenges in education in order to define innovative teaching and learning practices. Rapid technological developments undoubtedly inevitably bring great challenges and opportunities. How are studies being conceived and prepared with this new trend in society, how much will we have such an increase in technology versus the possibility of classic studies with modern ones, how will we see these approaches for use in study permit formats. Which will be the limits on which the next generation will build their academic levels, how many risks are presented in the implementation or non-implementation of a future without sufficient and proper assessment of AI, how should we face such a demanding and challenging trend for society and the academic world in the country. These will be some of the questions that will be addressed in this paper.

Mohod V., Borde M.P., Rathi T., More M., Chintamani B.G., Waghulkar S., Behare N., Mahajan R.D.

This chapter explores the impact of predictive analytics and AI on judicial decision-making, tracing the evolution of technology in law from early data analysis to advanced AI techniques. It covers core concepts and applications, such as case outcome predictions, sentencing, and AI-powered legal research tools. The benefits of AI—enhancing accuracy, efficiency, and consistency in legal decisions—are highlighted, along with ethical concerns like bias, accountability, and privacy. The chapter includes case studies demonstrating AI's global impact on legal systems and addresses challenges such as technical limitations and resistance to technology adoption. It concludes by discussing future trends, emerging technologies, and the need for ethical guidelines to create a more just, data-driven legal framework.

Rajendran R.K., V. A.I., T. M.P., Vetrivel S., N. R. W.B.

Access to justice and legal services remains a critical issue in many societies, often hindered by high costs, complex procedures, and limited availability of legal professionals. This chapter explores the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in addressing these barriers and enhancing access to justice for all. AI technologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, and intelligent automation, are increasingly being integrated into legal systems to streamline processes and provide affordable legal assistance. It highlights key AI applications, such as AI-driven legal research tools, virtual legal assistants, and online dispute resolution platforms, which democratize legal knowledge and services. These tools empower individuals with limited resources to understand their legal rights, receive preliminary legal advice, and navigate legal systems without the need for costly professional services.

Bajraktari H., Qatani V.

The conceptual review of the ethical implications of artificial intelligence in its impact on freedoms and human rights in the 21st century, critically aims to clarify the developing relationship between artificial intelligence and the law. Addressing a scientific answer if artificial intelligence, as autonomous and with influencing power in the legal system, should also be considered a problem that the development of AI may violate freedoms and human rights. The main theses analyzed include the ethical dilemmas caused by AI's potential to violate privacy, amplify disruptions, and make important decisions without human oversight. How can transparency and accountability from AI be improved to increase their trustworthiness and use in critical applications for human rights and freedoms?! What are the main ethical and legal challenges arising from the use of AI technologies in areas such as the justice system and national security, and how should we address them to minimize the negative impact on individuals and societies?

Gouri H., Jindal P., Gouri R., Gouri V.

With the rising adoption of AI technology in legal practice, the legal industry stands at the threshold of a transformative era. Corporate law firms, which heavily rely on meticulous and error-free legal documentation, are at the forefront of this technological evolution. The adoption of AI technology offers substantial advantages, including increased efficiency, enhanced document accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. However, this transition raises concerns related to data privacy, quality control, and the evolving role of lawyers in the document drafting process. This article delves into the dynamic landscape of AI-generated legal documents and their implications for corporate law firms exploring variable opportunities and challenges inherent in the integration of AI-generated legal documents into corporate law firms, highlighting key recommendations, best practices, and critical considerations for managing the opportunities and challenges that AI technology presents.

Kathirvel N., Ayyaswamy K., Saravanan N., Kaliappan P.

Search engine to identify the promising feature subset candidates and a criterion to identify the best candidate often comprise a feature selection framework. A crucial technique in the field of machine learning, feature selection is given new significance in information retrieval (IR) 5.0. This strategy, sometimes referred to as variable or attribute selection, selects a subset of important traits or predictors in order to construct a model. Selected as a crucial technique for dimensionality reduction, its main goal from the viewpoint of IR 5.0 is to carefully select a subset of features from the original set. Part of the curation process is eliminating anything that is noisy, superfluous, or redundant. In the IR 5.0 era, feature selection becomes a central role as information retrieval is marked by unprecedented sophistication. Feature set accelerates both the improvement of learning performance and increased accuracy in the learning process.

Mohanta A., Garikapati K., Sneha, Mohanty S., Shreya

This chapter explores the evolving role of AI and jurimetrics in criminal proceedings, highlighting their potential to enhance predictive justice and key challenges. It defines predictive justice and examines the foundations of jurimetrics and AI, including machine learning, data analytics, and NLP. Empirical findings reveal the effectiveness and limitations of tools like COMPAS, PredPol, and TrueAllele, emphasizing concerns about bias, transparency, and judicial discretion. The chapter discusses AI's practical applications in law enforcement, courts, and legal procedures, illustrating how AI can streamline processes but also perpetuate biases. Ethical considerations, such as privacy threats and accountability, are critically examined. Trust dynamics, including stakeholder engagement and oversight, are stressed for responsible AI adoption. Future directions focus on advancing AI technologies, implementing robust policies, and prioritizing ethics to balance innovation with justice.

Biegańska J., Grzelak-Kostulska E.

Suburban zones in Poland are in a phase of dynamic change. They took on urbanised characteristics in many respects, from social to infrastructural, experiencing many challenges. Due to the inflow nature of suburban zones, they are particularly predisposed to change in the sphere of management, especially concerning the implementation of innovative solutions. Now, they have embarked on a path leading toward smart suburbs. Based on the nationwide survey results, an analysis was conducted to determine how suburban residents perceive the public management model. Its type and its social perception will determine the effectiveness of implementing any smart solutions, including those related to urban e-planning where modern ICT technologies will be successfully used at all stages of the planning process. The differences in the perceived model were assumed to be dictated by the different social profile of residents. The authors confirmed the relationship. They also showed that better perception of management model represents a significant social innovation and a milestone in achieving urban e-planning.

Charters S.M., Davis S., Eggers J., Chen G., Gregorini P.

New Zealand is facing immense pressure for urban expansion as populations grow and demand for housing increases. Located on some of the most highly productive soils, New Zealand cities are expanding into these productive hinterland landscapes, with valuable soil resources indefinitely lost. This chapter explores how digital tools can be used to engage stakeholders with the issue of peri-urban land use change, and how these tools can be utilised to consider and evaluate alternative futures. Outlining two case studies, this chapter presents methods and outcomes of two participatory processes for engaging with the peri-urban land use conundrum. The first case presents a site-scale project where digital design outputs were used to engage with multiple stakeholder groups. The second case presents a landscape-scale project where local government was engaged in an alternative futures scenario-based activity where GIS mapping was used to create the scenario plans. Communication benefits and constraints for bridging viewpoints between different stakeholders are illustrated and discussed.